Transcript Document 7124414

BIO-FUELS CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE
POSITIONING
BIO- DIESEL
BY
N.R.RAJE
BIO-FUELS CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE
POSITIONING
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Importance of Bio-fuels
Bio-diesel Feed stocks
Bio-diesel From Jatropha
Issues With Jatropha
Recommendations to Govt. for Promoting Bio diesel
Safflower-a Bridging Feedstock
Bio-fuels From Bio-mass-a Long Term Solution
Green Fuels
GLOBAL LONG TERM OIL DEMAND TRENDS
ALTERNATIVE FOR MEETING FUTURE
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
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New Oil Finds- Limited
Bio fuels- Ethanol & Bio diesel
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Hydrogen Energy, Tidal Energy ,Etc.
Earliest Substitute In The Near Future Would Be Biofuels.
They Are Also Environmental Friendly.
FIRST GENERATION BIO FUELS
• Alcohol Fuels
– Ethanol
– Butanol
– Methanol from Biomass
Bio diesel
Bio-Gas
SECOND GENERATION BIO FUELS
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Bio-Methanol
Bio-DME
Mixed Alcohol from Syngas
DMF-from Fructose & Glucose
Wood Diesel
EU POLICY
• Bio fuel policy is not an industrial policy or an
agricultural policy but an environmental policy- EU
Trade Commissioner, Peter Mandelson.
• Long term stable regulatory framework and positive
signals from government to guide investment and
trade.
GLOBAL FEEDSTOCK OPTIONS
Edible Oils
• Rapeseed, Canola - EU, Canada
• SOY- USA, Brazil, Argentina, China, India
• Sunflower- Southern European Countries, Italy,
Spain, Greece
• Palm- Malaysia, Indonesia, Tropical Africa
Non-Edible Oil
• Jatropha curcus - India, Central America, Africa
• Castor-India, Brazil
• Karanjia ( Pongamia Pinnata) - India
SIGNIFICANCE OF BIODIESEL IN INDIA
• Diesel consumption is around 50 MMT which is 5
times more than petrol.
• With growing environmental concerns over global
warming, fuel substitution to plant based oils is
almost a necessity.
• Equal importance should be laid both on bio diesel
along with ethanol blending in petrol.
JATROPHA-THE ANSWER FOR INDIA
• Jatropha (Jatropha curcas, Ratanjyot, wild castor) thrives on
any type of soil
– Needs minimal inputs or management
– Has no insect pests, not browsed by cattle or sheep
– Can survive long periods of drought
– Yield from the 3rd year onwards & continues for 25- 30yrs
– Yield from established plantations in Brazil, 1.5 to 2.3 tons/hec
– 25% oil from seeds by expelling; 30% by solvent extraction
• According to the National Mission on Bio Fuels out of 197
million hectors,13.4 MH available for Jatropha plantation
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Source-planning com rep.2002
PRESENT BIODIESEL AVAILABILITY
• In India , Jatropha oil is not available now.
• Entrepreneurs were banking on processing of palm
oil and exporting to Europe till the feedstock
availability is an issue in India.
• Till 2005 this was a very attractive preposition.
• Presently all those benefits are lost due to high
prices.
FEEDSTOCK ISSUE
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Palm Oil, Palm Fatty Acid, The Prices Tripled In
Last One Year
Non-edible Jatropha Still In Infancy.
Non-edible Oil : Future Source Of Biodiesel – Not
Raising
Controversial “Food Vs Fuel Debate”
No Mandate: No Indicative Market:
High Risk Perceived For Domestic Market
Financially Unviable Pricing:
Deterring Required Level Of Investment
ISSUES RELATED TO JATROPHA
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Land Being State Subject : Issues Related To Waste
Land Identification & Its Allocation :
No Successful Model For Cultivation Yet Available.
Initial Long Gestation Period : Sustainability Problem
For Poor Farmers.
Non- Availability Of Certified Germplasm With Higher
Yield & Oil Content.
Absence Of Greater Acceptability By All Levels Of
Stake Holders
CURRENT POSITION
• As Per National Mission On Bio Fuels In Demo Phase
Plantation On 5 Lakh Hect at a Cost Of Rs. 1304
Crores Was Planned.
• At Present Only About 3Lakh Hect. Mainly In
Chhatisgarh, AP,MP,TN And NE
• Organizations Mainly D1-BP, Daimler CryslerCSMCRI And TERI
• Many PSU Oil Cos are Beginning To Enter
• Major Investments
– Naturol Bio Fuels-100000 T/Y
– Emami-100000 T/Y
CII EXECUTIVE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAKING
“BIODIESEL” SUSTAINABLE OPTION IN INDIA
• Institutionalization Of Testing Facilities :
• Establishment Of State-wise / Centers: Dedicated To
Testing Of Soil , Certification Of Germplasm And End
Product –Bio-diesel.
• The Above Institutes: One Stop Shop For Solutions
To All Issues In Sustainable Cultivation.
EXECUTIVE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAKING
“BIODIESEL” SUSTAINABLE OPTION IN INDIA
• Mandate The Use & Map Supply Vs Demand Statistics :
• Capacity By 2009 : 1.0 Mkl And Demand : 3.5 Mkl,
Renewable Fuels
• Issue Standard And Road Map For Blending
• Flexi Mandating Depending On Availability:
• “Bio-fuel / Bio-diesel Board” : To Be Formed :
• Procurement Through “Tendering” Process” By
OMCS.
• Flexible Range Of Blending : Vary 0.5 % To 5 % As Per
Availability.
EXECUTIVE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAKING
“BIODIESEL” SUSTAINABLE OPTION IN INDIA
• Costing Should Be Economically Viable And
Sustainable (Jatropha).
• Price Considering Market For Glycerin And Seed
Cake : Needs Correction
• Tariff Structuring:
• Giving Biodiesel Status : “ Declared Goods” And
Other Duties And Levies “ Pass-through”.
• “Floor Price” Rs. X With Crude Price $ Y/ Bbl And
Rest Floating.
• Formula Based “Three Part Pricing”: Linked With
“Crude Price”,
• “Major Input Costs” And “Taxes & Levies”(linked
With Environmental Impacts).
EXECUTIVE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAKING
“BIODIESEL” SUSTAINABLE OPTION IN INDIA
• Renewable Fuel Status :
• Giving The Bio-diesel Sector “ Renewable Energy
Status” :
• Provisioning Appropriate Benefits As Per Income
Tax Act, 1961 and Inclusion of Bio fuel Plant And
Machinery In Appendix I,iii(8)(xiii) of The Income Tax
Rules, 1962.
• Giving Individual Capacity Status Of “ Biotech Units”
EXECUTIVE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAKING
“BIODIESEL” SUSTAINABLE OPTION IN INDIA
• Counter Negative Waves : “Green Certification”
• Immediate Appointment Of “Technical Committee”
:Determination Of Actual Positive Or Negative
“Ecological” &“Social” Impacts:" Life Cycle
Analysis” (LCA) ,
• “Strategic Environmental Assessment” (SEA).
• Building The Confidence Of Common Mass:
Motivating Towards A Green Step.
ARGUMENTS AGAINST BIO FUELS
• Rapid expansion in areas covered by Agro Industrial
plantation
• Rise in use abuse of pesticides herbicides and other
agrochemicals
• Mono cropping lead to soil erosion, nutrient
leaching.
• FAO claims bio fuels not only supply Energy but
also a key element in achieving Millennium
Development Goal (MDG).
• UN Energy panel expresses caution-may result in
concentration of ownership that could drive poorest
farmers out.
EXECUTIVE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAKING
“BIODIESEL” SUSTAINABLE OPTION IN INDIA
• Promotional Policy : Alternate Feedstock & Second
Generation Bio-diesel Technologies:
• Developmental Plans For “Alternate Feedstocks”:
Higher Productivity And Higher Crop Flexibility And
More Beneficial To the Farmers.
• Algal Biodiesel & “Agri Waste/ Biomass Based”
Ligno- Cellulosic Bio-diesel
• Synthetic Diesel Technology
• Big Biomass Potential In India : Bright Sunlight And
Warmer Region & High Level And Verities Of
Biomass Available.
• Capital Intensive In Nature And Highly Technology
Driven : Needs Government Support.
EXECUTIVE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAKING
“BIODIESEL” SUSTAINABLE OPTION IN INDIA
• Development Of Roadmap For Alternate Feedstock
:”Safflower”
• Quick Cycle And Higher Cumulative Productivity:
• Boost The R&D Activities For Putting Up Technology
Specific “Pilot Scale” Plants In PPP ( Public Private
Partnership ) Mode.
• Creation Of “Second Generation Bio-fuels
Technology Promotion Fund” : Boost The R&D
Activities
• Institutional Framework :
• Establishment Of Regional “Bio-energy” Centers:
Integrating Available Resources And Directing
Research Towards Commercialization.
SAFFLOWER
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SAFFLOWER OIL
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Polymerization
– Compared To Other Vegetable Oils, Safflower Oil Is Known To
Polymerize At Rapid Rates When Subject To Heating
– Polymerized Oils Are Non-suitable For Edible Applications
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Low Shelf-life
– Safflower Oil Containing High Proportions Of Poly Unsaturated
Fatty Acids (PUFA) Degrade Faster Compared To Other Edible Oils
– Safflower Oil Has Tendency To Oxidize Upon Continued Exposure
To Air
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Lower Re-usability
– The High Levels Of Un-saturation In Safflower Oil Lead To Thermal
Degradation And Development Of Rancidity Upon Heating
– Therefore, Once Heated Safflower Oil Cannot Be Reused For
Edible Applications Leading Lower Popularity And Hence Lower
Cultivation For Edible Purposes
SAFFLOWER PRODUCTION IN WORLD
5% 2% 6%
35%
Africa
Asia
52%
N & C America
Oceania
S. America
Annual World Total Production: 648,000 MT
WHY SAFFLOWER…….???
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Availability Of Non Edible Varieties
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Short Duration (120-140 Days)- Can Be Done Twice A Year
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Up To 4.7 Mt / Hectare – Year Yield
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Oil Content 30 To 36 %
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Fairly Drought Resistant And Moderately Salt Tolerant
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Wider Adaptability-can Grow Between 40º N To 25º S And Between -4ºc
To 32ºc Temperature
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Can Grow Well Up To 400 Mm Rainfall
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Mechanical Cultivation Is Possible
SAFFLOWER VS. JATROPHA
Parameters
Jatropha
Safflower
Land Suitability
Grow On Marginal Land
Grow Semi Marginal To
Marginal Land
Soil Salinity Resistance
No Scientific Data
Available (It Is Being
Claimed That It Can
Tolerate High Level Of
Salinity)
It Is Proven The It Can
Grow On Moderately
Saline Soil (Ec Upto: 8-9
Ds M -1)
Gestation Period
3 Years
No
Fertilizer Requirement
Considered Low (But Not
Proven)
Low
3.33
11.11
We Have Observed Very
High Incidence Of Insect
& Disease In Jatropha
Under Irrigated Condition
Low Incidence Of Insect
And Disease
Water Requirement (Cu M /Kg
Oil)
Pest & Disease
SAFFLOWER VS. JATROPHA
Parameters
Jatropha
Safflower
Labor Requirement
Very High
Low
Mechanization
Low Possibilities
Possible
Yield Levels
Not Proven
Proven
1.5 (Expected)
4.7
Oil Content
28-30%
30-36%
Oil Yield Liters/Ha/Year
0.45
1.69
Seed Yield Tons/Ha/Year
(Under Ideal Condition)
COST OF CULTIVATION- IN. RS / HECTOR
Heading
Safflower
Jatropha
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Seed Cost
800
2500
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Land
Preparation
2000
3000
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Sowing
500
500
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Weeding &
Interculturing
2000
1200
1500
1500
Fertilizer
2500
2500
1500
1500
Labor
500
700
1000
1000
Irrigation
1875
2000
1200
1200
Crop
Protection
1500
800
750
1000
Harvesting
2000
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850
13625x 2
Cycles
= Rs 27250
13200
5950
7050
Total
Total
26200
SAFFLOWER FEASIBILITY FOR BIO-DIESEL
Safflower
Jatropha
Cost Of Cultivation Rs/Ha/Yr
13625 X 2 Cycles
= 27250
8750
Seed Yield (Ton/Ha/Yr)
4.7
1.5
Total Income (@Rs 14000 /Ton
Seed)
65800
21000
Os To Farmer (Rs/Ha/Yr) X 2
Cycles
Rs 14575 X 2 Cycles
38550
12250 / Year
Averaged Over Third
Year Onwards
Oil Yield (L/Ha/Yr) – Biodiesel
1690
450
De-oiled Cake @ 60% Per
Ha/Year
2.8 Tons
0.90
Revenue From Sale Of Cake (@
Rs 6 Per Kg For Safflower & Rs
1 Per Kg For Jatropha)
16800
900
Feedstock Cost Per Liter Biodiesel
Rs 29.00
Rs 32.76
LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOFUELS
LIQUID FUELS FROM STRUCTURAL
COMPONENT OF PLANT BIOMASS.
STRUCTURE OF LIGNOCELLULOSE
Crystalline Cellulose: Linear Chain Of Glucose Molecules
Amorphous Hemicellulose: Linear Chain Of Mainly Xylose
Molecules.
Disordered Lignin: 3d-network Polymer Constructed From
Monomers With A P-hydroxyphenylpropane Core.
ENERGETICS OF LIGNOCELLULOSE:
FODDER & FUEL
Biomass(Dry Basis):
20 Gj/Ton
Charcoal:
30 Gj/Ton
Petroleum Crude:
40 Gj/Ton
SOURCES OF BIOMASS
Linear polymer of the 6–carbon sugar glucose
The structural matrix
Biomass
fractionation
biochemical
Cellulose
conversion and
Hemicellulose and fermentation
Lignin
useful products
fuel additive and for energy generation plus
other uses
purified cellulose can be
converted to glucose
and further to ethanol.
pentose sugars can be used for
ethanol and xylitol production.
BIO-FUELS-CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE
POSITIONING-SUMMARY
• In View Of Rising Oil Prices And Depleting Fossil
Reserves Bio-fuels Role Is Significant
• Issues Related To Bio-diesel From Jatropha Need To
Be Addressed By Proper Bio-fuels Policy
• Safflower
• A Good Alternative Feedstock
• Bio-mass To Fuels is a Lasting Solution