Transcript Wound Care and Bloodborne Pathogens Juan Cuevas, ATC

Wound Care
and
Bloodborne Pathogens
Juan Cuevas, ATC
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
• Healthcare facility must be maintained as
______ and sterile to prevent spread of
disease and _______
• Must take precautions to minimize ______
• Must take whatever measures to prevent
contamination
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Bloodborne Pathogens
• Pathogenic organisms, present in human
______ and other fluids (cerebrospinal fluid,
______, vaginal secretion and synovial fluid)
that can potentially cause _______
• Most significant pathogens are Hepatitis __,
___ and _____
• Others that exist are Hepatitis A, D, E and
syphilis
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Hepatitis B
• Major cause of _____ infection, resulting in
swelling, soreness, loss of normal ______
function
• Signs and symptoms
– ____-like symptoms like fatigue, weakness,
nausea, abdominal pain, headache, fever, and
possibly _______________
– Possible that individual will not exhibit signs
and symptoms
• Can be unknowingly transferred
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– May test positive w/in 2-6 weeks of symptom
development
– 85% recover within ______ weeks
• Prevention
– Good personal _______ and avoiding high risk
activities
– Proceed with caution as _____ can survive in
blood and fluids, in dried blood and on
contaminated surfaces for at least ___ week
– Vaccination against HBV
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Hepatitis C
• Both an _______ and chronic form of ____
disease caused by hepatitis C virus (____)
• ___________________ chronic bloodborne
infection in United States
• Leading indication for l_______ transplant
• Signs & Symptoms
– _______% of those infected have no S&S
– May be jaundice, have mild abdominal pain,
loss of appetite, nausea, fatigue, muscle/joint
pain, and/or _______ urine
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• Virus that has potential to destroy _______
system
• According to World Health Organization 42
million people were living with HIV/AIDS
in _________
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• Symptoms and Signs
– Transmitted by infected ______ or other fluids
– _______, weight loss, muscle or joint pain,
painful or swollen glands, night sweats and fever
– Antibodies can be detected in blood tests within 1
year of exposure
– May go for 8-10 _____ before signs and
symptoms develop
– Most that acquire HIV will develop acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (_______)
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome (AIDS)
• _____________ of signs and symptoms that
are recognized as the effects of an infection
• No protection against the simplest _______
• Positive test for HIV cannot predict when
the individual will show symptoms of AIDS
• After contracting AIDS, people generally
die w/in 2 _____ of symptoms developing
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
• Management
– ____ vaccine for HIV, no cure even though
drug therapy is available
– Research looking for preventive vaccine and
effective treatment
– Most effective drug combination
• Antiviral drug ___________
• Slows replication of virus, improving prospects for
survival
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
HIV and Athletic Participation
• No definitive answer as to whether
asymptomatic HIV _________ should
participate in sport
• American with Disabilities ______ says
athletes infected cannot be discriminated
against and may only be excluded with
__________ sound basis
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
– Disinfectant
• Contaminated surfaces should be clean immediately with
solution of ________ ratio approved disinfectant to water
• Should inactivate HIV
• Contaminated towels should be bagged, labeled, and
separated from other soiled laundry, then transported in
biohazard container
– Wash in ______ water (159.8 degrees F for 25 minutes)
– Laundry done outside institution should be OSHA certified
– Sharps
• ________, razorblades, and scalpels
• use extreme care in handling and disposing all sharps
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Caring for Skin Wounds
• Skin wounds are extremely common in
sports
• Soft pliable nature of skin makes it
susceptible to _______
• Numerous mechanical forces can result in
trauma
– ________, scrapping, pressure, ________,
cutting and penetration
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• Types of wounds
– _________
• Skin scraped against rough surface
• _____ layer of skin wears away exposing numerous
capillaries
• Often involves exposure to dirt and foreign
materials = increased risk for ________
– __________________
• Sharp or pointed object ________ tissues – results
in wound with jagged edges
• May also result in tissue avulsion
– _________
• Wounds with smooth edges
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– ____________ wounds
• Can easily occur during activity and can be ______
• Penetration of tissue can result in introduction of
tetanus bacillus to bloodstream
• All severe lacerations and puncture wounds should
be referred to a ____________
– __________________ wounds
• Skin is torn from _______ = major bleeding
• Place avulsed tissue in moist ______ (saline), plastic
bag and immerse in cold water
• Take to hospital for reattachment
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Immediate Care
• Should be cared for immediately
• ______ wounds should be treated as though
they have been contaminated with
microorganisms
• To minimize infection clean wound with
copious amounts of _____, water and _____
solution
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
• Dressing
– _____________ dressing should be applied to
keep wound clean
– Occlusive dressing are extremely effective in
minimizing _________
– Antibacterial ointments are effective in limiting
bacterial growth and preventing wound from
sticking to dressing
– Utilization of hydrogen peroxide can occur
several times daily before reapplication of
___________
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• Are sutures necessary?
– Decision should be made by a physician
– Sutures should be used within __________
– Physician may decide wound does not require
sutures and utilize ___________ or butterfly
bandages
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
• Signs of Wound Infection
– Same as those for inflammation
•
•
•
•
•
– Pus may form due to accumulation of WBC’s
– Fever may develop as immune system fights
bacterial infection
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• Most wound infections can be treated with
______________
• Staphylococcus aureus has become resistant
to some antibiotics
– Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
(_________) is more difficult to treat and
infection is extremely difficult to treat
– If cause of infection is not discovered early and
improper antibiotics are used initially infection
that starts in skin could spread into more
serious infection
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
• Tetanus
– Bacterial infection that may cause fever and
convulsions and possibly tonic skeletal muscle
spasm for non-immunized athletes
– Tetanus bacillus enters wound as spore and acts
on motor end plate of ________
– Following childhood vaccination, boosters
should be supplied once ever ______ years
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.