Transcript Document 7113944

ECE 480 Presentation of Universal
Design and Assistive Technology
Question 1
• What is the most important training course
and learned skill for a design engineer
AIAA Design Engineering Survey
conducted this past November
• Most important course
Respondents were asked to name the one course they believed
to be most important in learning the skills required to be a
design engineer. Nearly all of the responses were
engineering department courses, labs or projects - half
included the word "design" in the course name.
• Most important skill
When asked, 83% of all participating design engineers
agree that greater practical experience from their
undergraduate training would have better prepared them
for their first engineering job.
Question 2
• As a design engineer, how much of an
impact do my decisions make.
"The computer programmer is a creator
of universes for which he alone is the
lawgiver..... No playwright, no stage
director, no emperor, however powerful,
has ever exercised such absolute
authority to arrange a stage or field of
battle and to command such
unswervingly dutiful actors or troops."
Joseph Weisenbaum, Computer Power
and Human Reason
Poor design is a waste of time
• One employment lifetime = 40 hours * 49 weeks
*40 years = 78,400 person hours
• Efficient appliance saves user 25 seconds (three
times a day. Life of appliance is 5 years. 1 Million
of these appliances were sold.
• 25/3600 Hours * 3 Times/day *365 days *5 years
* 1 million appliances = 38,020,833 person hours
• = the working lives of 485 people
• =19,398 years
Question 3
• Why is it important to consider the needs of
people with disabilities in designing .
• How many people are affected by
disabilities?
• According to HalfthePlanet Foundation “The
disability community includes 150 million
people within the U.S. One-half the population
are touched by disabilities in some way, either
directly or through close ties to someone they
know with a disability. With an ever-growing
aging population, the universe of people with
disabilities also continues to grow.”
Examples of disabilities include:
• blind, partially sighted, mobility disabilities,
limited strength, hard of hearing, deaf, color
blind, dyslexic, learning disabled, deaf
blind, speech disability, cerebral palsy,
language disability, etc.
• Accessibility-related agencies and acts
• Section 508
Access Board
• Department of Justice
• Federal Communication Commission FCC
• Americans with Disabilities Act ADA
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development
• W3C World Wide Web Consortium
http://www.w3.org
You've heard it: the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) creates Web standards. W3C's mission is
to lead the Web to its full potential, which it
does by developing technologies (specifications,
guidelines, software, and tools) that will create a
forum for information, commerce, inspiration,
independent thought, and collective
understanding.
Question 4
• Do engineers in large corporations depend
on administrators and usability teams to
help them make their designs accessible?
Assistive Technology and its know how overcomes barriers and
directs everyone’s path to a more productive future
• Each of the three 8300+ pound satellite costs
roughly $100 million and is launched into orbit by a
three-stage Russian-built Proton rocket from
Kazakhstan, for another $100 million each, not
including insurance. With three satellites in orbit and
one spare on the ground for emergencies, Sirius has
invested over $700 million on just the space segment
of the system, not including ground stations.
A team of 100
designers
worked on the
horrifically
complex radio
receiver chip
set.
• Serial data rate is approximately 7.5 Mbits/s. including
forward-error-correction coding (Reed-Solomon outer
code and convolutional inner code) and encryption, we're
left with an audio bit stream of about 4.4 Mbits/s. This 4.4Mbit/s bit stream has 100 channels, averaging 44 kHz each
Total cost for Sirius system so far is about $2 billion
1929 Atwater Kent
100 channel Sirius receiver
In what way is the Atwater Kent better?
Ignorance created a barrier
PDA’s need to be accessible
With voice synthesis
Non talking
Question 5
• Where is technology headed?
“Computers will achieve the memory capacity
and computing speed of the human brain by
around the year 2020”
“Once a computer achieves a human level of
intelligence, it will roar past it.”
“By the year 2029 sensory enhancement
devices will be used by most of the population”
Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines
Where is this machine intelligence taking us?
Question 6
• What are our challenges in designing
accessible products?
Most Challenging Product Design
Features
• Human-machine interface is often the
weakest link
• Usability and accessibility must be
considered early in the design process
• A diverse population of users needs to be
considered
• Superior technology is designed to easily
accept alternative interface options
Many other resources are available
for help in making your products
accessible
• http://trace.wisc.edu/world/ Designing a
More Usable World
• Universal Design Handbook
with CD-ROM
edited by Wolfgang Preiser and Elaine
Ostroff
Almost all products can be designed
better with knowledge of Assistive
Technology, Universal Design, and
Usability testing
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More user friendly
Ergonomic
Wider market potential
Legal fulfillment
Advertises image of high moral standard
Contains accessible product instructions and
documentation.
Question 7
What Is Universal Design?
• Universal design means products and
buildings that are accessible and usable
by everyone, including people with
disabilities.
Edward Steinfeld, Professor of Architecture, Director, Center for
Inclusive Design & Environmental Access, State University of
New York at Buffalo.
Universal Design Principles
• Principle 1 Equitable use
The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.
Guidelines:
• Provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible; equivalent when
not.
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Avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users.
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Provisions for privacy, security, and safety should be equally available to all users.
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Make the design appealing to all users.
PRINCIPLE TWO: Flexibility in Use
The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and
abilities.
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Guidelines:
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2a. Provide choice in methods of use.
2b. Accommodate right- or left-handed access and use.
2c. Facilitate the user's accuracy and precision.
2d. Provide adaptability to the user's pace.
PRINCIPLE THREE: Simple and Intuitive Use
Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's
experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.
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3a. Eliminate unnecessary complexity.
3b. Be consistent with user expectations and intuition.
3c. Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills.
3d. Arrange information consistent with its importance.
3e. Provide effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion.
PRINCIPLE FOUR: Perceptible Information
The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user,
regardless of ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities
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Guidelines:
4a. Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential
information.
4b. Provide adequate contrast between essential information and its surroundings.
4c. Maximize "legibility" of essential information.
4d. Differentiate elements in ways that can be described (i.e., make it easy to give
instructions or directions).
4e. Provide compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory
limitations.
PRINCIPLE FIVE: Tolerance for Error
The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences
of accidental or unintended actions.
Guidelines:
5a. Arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors: most used elements, most accessible;
hazardous elements eliminated, isolated, or shielded.
5b. Provide warnings of hazards and errors.
5c. Provide fail safe features.
5d. Discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance.
PRINCIPLE SIX: Low Physical Effort
The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a
minimum of fatigue
Click for Help
Guidelines:
6a. Allow user to maintain a neutral body position.
6b. Use reasonable operating forces.
6c. Minimize repetitive actions.
6d. Minimize sustained physical effort.
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PRINCIPLE SEVEN: Size and Space for Approach and
Use
Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach,
manipulation, and use regardless of user's body size, posture,
or mobility.
Guidelines:
7a. Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user.
7b. Make reach to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user.
7c. Accommodate variations in hand and grip size.
7d. Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices or personal assistance.
Universally designed documentation
and web pages
1. Installation instructions
2. User manuals
3. Service manuals
4. Internet (html) documentation
5. Video / multimedia guides
6. Interactive diagnostic computer software
Available in multiple formats
Etext
Audio/video
Pictures and words
Tactile and Braille
Accessible html (see W3C)
Question 8
• What are some examples of universal
designed products?
Phonoautograph
LP record
Development of the voice synthesizer
At the Speech Communication Group of
the Research Laboratory of Electronics
Dennis Klatt
Creator of an Electronic Model of the vocal tract and DecTalk voice
Jacuzzi Brothers
ABC DEF GHI
JKL
MNO PQRS TUV WXYZ
Delete
T9
Examples of assistive technology
designs that led to new inventions
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Phonoautograph
A phonautograph was a device for converting sound into visible traces so the deaf can see the sound.
Telephone
Invented while pursuing the phonautograph mentioned above.
Text Scanners and OCR software
Kurzweil Reading Machine was invented for the blind to be able to read
LP record
“Phonograph books” for the blind
Jacuzzi
Originally invented to help improve motorically disabled.
Carbon Paper
Invented to aid the blind in writing and typing
http://trace.wisc.edu/world/ Designing a More Usable World
Text to speech products
Closed-captioned television, created to help the deaf
Curb cuts
large-handled can openers
Auto PC, an in-car voice control
Searchable PDF documents
Browsers such as (www.seti-search.com)
Question 9
What is Assistive Technology?
• Adaptive technology? Enabling technology?
Accommodating technology? Access Technology?
Liberating technology? Augmentative technology?
Empowering technology?
• ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY DEFINED
In the broadest sense, assistive technology is any
technology which enables someone to do
something they otherwise couldn't
MSU RCPD ( Resource Center for Persons with Disabilities)
• JAWS for Windows, the world's premier screen
reader software http://www.hj.com/Index.html
• Started by Ted Henter, a 27-year old mechanical
engineer and one of the world's top ten motorcycle
racers who was involved in an automobile
accident that left him blind.
• JAWS (Job Access With Speech)
Zoomtext screen magnification
software
CCTV
Braille Embossers and tactile
printers
Talking tactile maps
Scanning and reading systems
Adjustable workstations for easy
wheelchair access
Bob Blanchard MSU Student uses Kurzweil 3000 and his
computer to navigate and read his course material on line.
Kurzweil 3000 highlights text as it reads
• Schrödinger equation can be considered as the
limiting case of arelativistically
relativistically invariant wave
equation when the velocity of light goes to
infinity. Therefore it is not particularly surprising
that an explicitly non-local description such as the
transactional model may have intrinsic
inconsistencies with the Schrödinger equation and
may require certain properties of relativistically
invariant wave equations.
Kurzweil 3000 defines words on command
with the Schrödinger equation and may require certain properties
of relativistically invariant wave equations
• The Schrödinger Equation
• In 1925, Erwin Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg
independently developed the new quantum theory.
Schrödinger's method involves partial differential equations,
whereas Heisenberg's method employs matrices; however, a
year later the two methods were shown to be mathematically
equivalent. Most textbooks begin with Schrödinger's equation,
since it seems to have a better physical interpretation via the
classical wave equation. Indeed, the Schrödinger equation can
be viewed as a form of the wave equation applied to matter
waves.
Question 10
• What kind of new assistive technology is
being created today.
• Often new innovative developments are
discovered in this process.?
Commercially available augmentative communication device
(VOCA) Voice Output Communication Aid
Special input
Devices
CUSTOM VOCA
SYSTEM
Jim Renuk demonstrates method of
access to the web
Jim uses an infrared transmitter and receiver to
communicate with his desktop system
Desktop IR receiver
IR Transmitter on wheelchair