Transcript Lezing Intervisiegroep Utr 25-3

Utrecht University
Current concepts in
C.A. parasitology
Outline
1.! Reasons for antiparasitic treatment of dog and cat!
2.! New developments in parasitology"
3.! Risk assessment for parasitic infections!
4.! Control and ESCCAP support"
Utrecht, 25 maart, 2014
Paul A.M. Overgaauw DVM PhD Dipl. ACVM
Specialist Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences
Division Veterinary Public Health
!
Utrecht University
Key issue: public health
1. Reasons for antiparasitic treatment
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences
Division Veterinary Public Health
CALLISTO initiative
CALLISTO initiative
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Selected parasitic diseases!
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•! An EU Commission FP7 financed research program executed by the "
FVE to examine the role of companion animals as a source and the "
transmission of infectious diseases to people and food animals. "
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•! An EU Commission FP7 financed research program executed by the "
FVE to examine the role of companion animals as a source and the "
transmission of infectious diseases to people and food animals. "
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•! Companion Animals multisectoriaL, interprofessionaL Interdisciplinary
Strategic Think tank On zoonoses (2012-2014). "
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•! Companion Animals multisectoriaL, interprofessionaL Interdisciplinary
Strategic Think tank On zoonoses (2012-2014). "
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Selected parasitic diseases!
1
ESCCAP initiative
Some examples
Toxocara canis infection
•! ESCCAP is an independent, not-for-profit organisation that creates
guidelines and promotes good practice for the control and treatment
of parasites in companion animals for the health and wellbeing of
animals and humans. "
•! Goal: Veterinarians, pet owners and physicians should work
together to reduce the risks associated with zoonotic transmission of
parasitic diseases
6 month old Scottish sheepdog
Toxocara as zoonosis
Toxocara as zoonosis
Visceral larva migrans
Visceral larva migrans
Ireland (1995) !
-! 2129 school children; 4-19 yrs"
-! 25 schools; 3 rural; 12 urban"
-! toxocara serology: 31% (in NL: average 10%)"
-! geophagia and pet ownership significantly associated"
-! age was found to be a significant factor"
Holland, O'Lorcain, Taylor, Kelly, 1995
Toxocara as zoonosis
Visceral Larva Migrans Mimicking Lymphoma*!
Ocular larva migrans
Chest. 2003;123(4):1296-1297. doi:10.1378/chest.123.4.1296!
Figure Legend:!
Chest radiograph showing hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy and bilateral pleural effusion.!
!
2
Toxocara as zoonosis
Toxocara as zoonosis
Ocular larva migrans
Ireland (2004) !
-! 121.000 school children questionnaires"
-! sets of control subjects from same school and county compared"
with persons who had ocular toxocariasis"
-! 9.7 OLM / 100.000 persons !
-! (NL: 0.006; USA 0.25)"
-! geophagia and history of convulsion associated "
Allergic phenomena in children, "
Toxocara infection should be
considered in the differential "
diagnosis of any child with "
who are predisposed "
to asthma, are more "
ideopathic abdominal pain or a
frequent manifested "
persistent and unexplained
after a Toxocara infection#
"
eosinophilia"
Glickman & Summers, 1983; Taylor et al 1987
))
Buys et al. 1997!
)
!
Good et al, Clin Inf Dis, 2004
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus
Dog tapeworm (zoonosis)
=*>>?!)@-0A'/0(');6)7(A)=AB)*'1#)7;6;)
Hydatid disease intermediate host
!
Human echinococcosis
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3
Human echinococcosis
Human echinococcosis
!E7<&'()*&+,--%./0&:256&
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Echinococcus multilocularis
Echinococcus multilocularis
Fox tapeworm (zoonosis)
Fox tapeworm (zoonosis)
=*>>?!)@-0A'/0(');6)7(A)=AB)*'1#)7;6;)
Echinococcus infectie mens
Infectieziekten Bulletin 2009; 20 (2)
Patiënt met Echinococcus multilocularis(vossenlintworm)
Eind 2008 is bij een patiënte uit Zuid-Limburg een infectie met
Echinococcus multilocularis vastgesteld.
Aanvankelijk werd bij de patiënt gedacht aan een metastase in de lever.
Pathologisch onderzoek van de afwijkingen bleek echter niet te passen bij
metastasen.
Het is de vierde bekende patiënt in Nederland met een Echinococcus
multilocularis. De overige 3 patiënten hebben de infectie mogelijk in het
buitenland opgelopen (1x Zwitserland; 1x Turkije; 1x Duitsland).
De mens kan echinococcose oplopen door eieren van de vossenlintworm op
bijvoorbeeld bessen of bramen, op te nemen. Besmetting met E.
multilocularis, kan een kwaadaardig verloop hebben (met hoge sterfte).
Sinds 1997 wordt de vossenlintworm ook in ons land bij vossen gevonden,
tot nu toe alleen in Zuid-Limburg en Groningen
32+)-%6%&#-%*/,'&
4
Echinococcus infectie mens
Utrecht University
2. New developments
in parasitology
Infectieziekten Bulletin 2013; 24 (7) 212
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences
Division Veterinary Public Health
What’s new in companion animal
parasitology?
Sub. 3. Focus on fecal examination
1.! Lifelong control of worms (public health!)"
Traditional anthelmintic treatment of dogs and cats has always left many
parasite stages outside the final host that are unselected for resistance
by treatment."
2.! Tailor-made treatment based on epidemiology and circumstances"
"
3.! Focus on fecal examination (to prevent resistance)"
4.! New diagnostic fecal examination procedures (FLOTAC)"
5.! Emerging parasites"
6.! New molecules and products"
7.! New insights"
If frequency of anthelmintic treatments increases ! could increase
selection pressure for resistance. Esp. kennel situations with
simultaneous treatment of a group of dogs or cats with the same product."
"
Careful consideration should be given to worm control programmes for
kennel situations and faecal monitoring should be conducted regularly "
(to identify worm species and the effectiveness of control programme)."
=*>>?!)@-0A'/0(');6)7(A)=AB)*'1#)7;6;)
However!..
Sub. 4. New diagnostic fecal examination
procedures (mini FLOTAC)
•! When testing individual animals repeatedly during one year, much
higher T. canis prevalences (i.e. 32%) were found as compared with
individual testing (most studies <10%)"
•! Together with the zoonotic potential of this parasite and the possible
consequences of human infection, this justifies a regular treatment."
No centrifugation"
5
Dirofilaria repens
Sub. 5. Emerging parasites
(skinworm)
Dirofilaria spp.
dogs,
cats,
foxes
• Human cases
2008
2008
2006
1998
1995
1998
•1992
1971
1954
2000
• kan niet worden
1997weergegeven. Mogelijk is er
De afbeelding
onvoldoende geheugen beschikbaar om de afbeelding te openen
of is de afbeelding beschadigd. 1996
Start de computer opnieuw op en
•• de afbeelding nog steeds wordt
open het bestand opnieuw. Als
1998
voorgesteld door een rode
X,••
kunt u de afbeelding verwijderen en
1986 invoegen.
opnieuw
1996
Dirofilaria immitis as zoonosis
Coin lesion
Climate & Dirofilaria infection in
Europe*
•! Spreading Dirofilaria infection increased in endemic areas"
•! Areas formerly free from infection are now endemic"
•! In untreated dogs Dirofilaria infections increased"
•! Aedes albopictus mosquito could spread northwards"
•! Development D. repens and D. immitis quite similar!"
• Human cases in Europe (>10)
•! Climate-based models to determine the effect of "
temperature on full development of Dirofilaria!
* Genchi et al. Vet Parasitol, 2009"
European Metereological stations (715) reaching 130 Heartworm
Development Units (HDUs) in July based on average temperature in 15
studied years"
European Metereological stations (1298) reaching 130 Heartworm
Development Units (HDUs) in July at least once in 15 studied years"
6
Emerging parasites
Climate changes*
Provence: Montagne Sainte Victoire
Angiostronglus vasorum (French heartworm)
1987 ! 2007"
*KNMI Report: Current climate in The Netherlands 2008
Angiostronglus vasorum (French heartworm)
Sweden 2003"
Newfoundland
2000"
Denmark 1990"
Ireland 1960s?"
SE England
1990"
Netherlands
2009"
South-West
England,
Wales 1970"
Elsewhere?"
France 1853"
Disease in dogs will appear in unfamiliar areas,
therefore need to:"
1.! Recognise clinical infection"
2.! Devise strategies for prevention"
3.! Predict areas at risk of parasite invasion"
Thelazia callipaeda
Emerging parasites
(eye worm - zoonosis)
Echinococcus multilocularis (fox tapeworm)
2013
!
7
Sub. 6. New molecules and products
28
Thelazia callipaeda
Ontwormingsproducten hond (Anthelminthica)
Nederland
in Europe
Rondworm
>>ŽÜœÀ“
<Üii«ÜœÀ“
Haakwormen
Trichuris vulpis
Werkzame stof
Toediening*
Beh.duur
Min.lft
Kan.
Toxocara
Toxascaris
>ÀÌܜÀ“
Dirofilaria
immitis
A.vasorum
Lintworm
Taenia
Dipylidium
Diversen
Echinococcus
Tegen Nematoden
BENZIMIDAZOLEN
iL>˜ÌiÉ«ÞÀ>˜ÌiÉ
praziquantel
T
1x
iL>˜ÌiÊÉÊ«ÞÀ>˜Ìi
Sir
1x
Fenbendazol
T+P
3 dgn
i˜Li˜`>✏ɫÀ>∵Õ>˜Ìi
T
3 dgn
Geen
Vrij
Flubendazol
T+P
2 - 3 dgn
Geen
Vrij
Mebendazol
T
2 - 5 dgn
Geen
Vrij
Oxfendazol
Sir
3 dgn
Geen
"݈Li˜`>✏ÊÉʘˆVœÃ>“ˆ`i
P
Geen
Geen
Geen
Mesocestoides, T. multiceps
Vrij
Vrij
Giardia
Vrij
Vrij
1x
Geen
Vrij
ˆLi“ÞVˆ˜iÊÉ
praziquantel
T+K
1x
2 wkn
Vrij
œÝˆ`iV̈˜iÊÉ
imidacloprid
SO
1x
7 wkn
UDA
Selamectine
SO
1x
6 wkn
UDA
SO
1x
12 wkn
UDA
Incl. onvolwassen stadia Toxocara,
Toxascaris, Trichuris en haakwormen
Nitroscanaat
T
1x
2.5 kg
Vrij
Strongyloides
"Ý>˜ÌiÊÉÊ*ÞÀ>˜ÌiÊÉÊ
*À>∵Õ>˜Ìi
T
1x
Afh.
product
UDA
Mesocestoides
*ˆ«iÀ>∘i
T + Sir
1x
Geen
Vrij
Alleen volw. wormen
*ÞÀ>˜Ìi
P
1x
Geen
Vrij
Alleen volw. wormen
T
1x
Geen
Vrij
AVERMECTINEN & MILBEMYCINEN
A. vasorum (4x), C. vulpis, Mesocestoides
Incl. L4 larven Toxocara en haakwormen
A. vasorum
DEPSIPEPTIDEN
“œ`i«Ãˆ`iÉ«À>∵Õ>˜Ìi
DIVERSEN
Tegen Cestoden
*À>∵Õ>˜Ìi
* T = Tablet
P = Pasta
Sir = Siroop
Inj = Injectie
SO = Spot On
Cystoisospora
New anthelmintic products
•! Procox (Bayer 2011): emodepside, toltrazuril – dog"
(Oral suspension; roundworms and coccidia; EMEA/V/C/002006)"
"
K = Kauwtablet
- diarrhoea, fever, mortality"
- pups 4-6 weeks + 6-15 weeks old!
"
- induce immunity"
- toltrazuril treatment 1x "
Cystoisospora-egg"
Toxocara-egg"
New anthelmintic products
•! Trifexis (Elanco 2014): spinosad, milbemycin oxime – dog"
(Chewing tablets; flea infestations; heartworm, hookworm, roundworm and whipworm; "
EMEA/V/C/002635)"
New anthelmintic products
•! Broadline (Merial 2014): fipronil, S-methoprene, eprinomectin,
praziquantel – cat"
(Spot-on; fleas, ticks, roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms; EMA/CVMP/575422/2013). "
"
8
New ectoparasitic products
•! Nexgard (Merial 2014): Afoxolaner – dog"
(Chewable tablets; fleas 5 wks, ticks 1 month, FAD, EMA/CVMP/700673/2013). "
"
"
New ectoparasitic products
•! Bravecto (MSD 2014): Fluranaler – dog"
(Chewable tablets; fleas, ticks, 12 weeks activity – Dermacentor 8 wks, FAD; "
EMA/CVMP/627638/2013)"
"
Sub. 7. New insights
"
New ectoparasitic products
•! Vectra 3D (Ceva 2014): Dinotefuran, pyriproxyfen, permethrin – dog"
(Spot-on; fleas, ticks, sandflies, mosquitoes, stable flies; EMA/CVMP/569374/2013)"
"
Utrecht University
3. Risk assessment
parasitic infections
Coprophagy interferes with coproscopical diagnosis of helminth
infections in dogs!
•! 286 of 567 dog owners (50%) mentioned their dogs are eating feces "
•! This is likely an underestimation: 27.5% of Eimeria oocyst positive samples
originated from dogs that do not eat feces according to their owner"
•! Many false-positive fecal examinations ! assumed non-efficacy anthelmintics"
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences
Division Veterinary Public Health
9
How to define risk?
Simple risk analysis
•! Risk = Exposure x Hazard"
" " " (chance of infection x seriousness of the outcome)"
•! Risk
"" "
•! Risk = a number"
Risk = a percentage!"
"=
"
Exposure
=
x
Hazard"
x
100!
Simple risk analysis
•! Risk
"" "
"=
"
Exposure
x
Quantitative infection risk analysis
•! Infections and infection risks are never similar. Every situation may
be different and influenced by many (difficult measurable) factors"
Hazard"
•! Distinguish: contamination – infection – disease"
=
•! Infection risk = multidimensional concept"
x
0!
Immunity
Child protected socket outlet"
Genes
Climate
Numbers
Water
Vet. care
Housing
Feed
Potential feline zoonotic agents
-!Bacillus anthracis
""
-!Bartonella sp.
""
-!Bordetella bronchiseptica"
-!Borrelia burgdorferi ""
-!Campylobacter jejuni ""
-!Capnocytophaga canimorsus "
-!Corynebacterium diphteriae "
-!Francisella tularensis " "
-!Helicobacter sp.
""
-!Mycoplasma felis
""
-!Salmonella sp.
" "
-Streptococcus gr. A ""
-Yersinia enterocolitica"
-Yersinia pestis"
Rickettsiae & Chlamydiae!
-Chlamydophila felis"
-Coxiella burnetii"
-Rickettsia felis"
Parasites!
-Nematoda
"
*Ancylostoma braziliense
*Ancylostoma tubaeforme"
*Dirofilaria immitis"
*Strongyloides stercoralis"
*Toxocara cati"
-Cestoda!
*Dipylidium caninum"
*Echinococcus multilocularis"
Environment
Significant feline zoonotic agents*
(J Fel Med Surg 2005; 7: 243-74)"
Bacteria!
Age
(J Fel Med Surg 2005; 7: 243-74)"
Bacteria!
-Protozoa!
*Cryptosporidium parvum"
*Entamoeba histolytica "
*Giardia sp."
*Toxoplasma gondii"
" "-Ectoparasites!
" " *Cheyletiella"
*Sarcoptes scabiei"
-!Bacillus anthracis
""
-!Bartonella sp.
""
-!Bordetella bronchiseptica"
-!Borrelia burgdorferi ""
-!Campylobacter jejuni ""
-!Capnocytophaga canimorsus "
-!Corynebacterium diphteriae "
-!Francisella tularensis " "
-!Helicobacter sp.
""
-!Mycoplasma felis
""
-!Salmonella sp.
" "
-Streptococcus gr. A ""
-Yersinia enterocolitica"
-Yersinia pestis"
Fungi!
-Dermatophytes"
Viruses!
-Avian influenza"
-Cowpox"
-Rabies"
Rickettsiae & Chlamydiae!
-Chlamydophila felis"
-Coxiella burnetii"
-Rickettsia felis"
Parasites!
-Nematoda
"
*Ancylostoma braziliense
*Ancylostoma tubaeforme"
*Dirofilaria immitis"
*Strongyloides stercoralis"
*Toxocara cati"
-Cestoda!
*Dipylidium caninum"
*Echinococcus multilocularis"
-Protozoa!
*Cryptosporidium parvum"
*Entamoeba histolytica "
*Giardia sp."
*Toxoplasma gondii"
" "-Ectoparasites!
" " *Cheyletiella"
*Sarcoptes scabiei"
Fungi!
-Dermatophytes"
Viruses!
-Avian influenza"
-Cowpox"
-Rabies"
* Based on multi-criteria analysis & in terms of infection risk and/or health risk"
"
B.R. Berends, 2008"
10
0,0
Influenza A virus (avian) H5N1
Toxoplasma gondii
Japanese encephalitis virus
Campylobacter spp.
Mycobacterium bovis
BSE prion
Coxiella burnetii
Anaplasma phagocytophila
Streptococcus suis
Leptospira interrogans
West Nile virus
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
Dobrava-Belgrade virus
Rabies virus (classic )
Yersinia pestis
Rift Valley fever virus
Capnocytophaga canimorsus
Francisella tularensis
Eastern equine encephalitis virus
Chlamydophila psittaci
Tick-borne encephalitis virus
Staphylococcus aureus (meticilin resistant)
Seoul virus
Bartonella henselae
European bat lyssa virus
Brucella melitensis
Mycobacterium avium
Puumala virus
California encephalitis virus
Brucella suis
Hepatitis E virus
Saint Louis encephalitis virus
Salmonella spp. (non-typhoidal)
Pasteurella multocida
Echinococcus multilocularis
Escheria coli Shiga toxin producing
Chlamydophila abortus
Yersinia enterocolitica
Trichinella spp.
Clostridium botulinum (toxins)
Monkeypox virus
Rickettsia conorii
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
Western equine encephalitis virus
Rickettsia rickettsii
Louping ill virus
Cryptosporidium parvum
Eyach virus
Cowpox virus
Borrelia burgdorferi s.l.
Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii
Ascaris suum
Rocio virus
Leishmania spp.
Giardia lamblia
Toxocara canis/cati
Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans
Ljungan virus
Babesia divergens/ microti
Tahyna virus
Tribec virus
Taenia solium
Baylisascaris procyonis
Rickettsia helvetica
Rickettsia spp.
Clostridium difficile
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
Colorado tick fever virus
Echinococcus granulosus
Anisakis simplex
Orf virus
Erve virus
Taenia saginata
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Batai virus
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Fasciola hepatica
Bhanja virus
Sindbis virus
Burkholderia mallei
Dirofilaria immitis/repens
Thogoto virus
Barmah Forest virus
Wesselsbron virus
Ross river virus
Dhori virus (Batken virus)
Normalized score
Analysis emerging zoonoses NL
1.! to provide a systematic
approach to signal emerging
zoonoses"
2.! to prioritize emerging
zoonoses relevant for our
country"
Report 2010"
(Havelaar et al., PLoS one 2011)
Parasites ranking
(relevant for NL)
Prioritising based on multicriteria
analysis
1. Introduction
3.! to develop a blueprint for an
early warning and
surveillance system for
emerging zoonoses"
1,0
Prioritised list of 86 pathogens (NL)
2. Transmission
between animals
contamination"
4. Animal-human
transmission
3. Economic
damage in
animal
reservoir
5. Transmission
between
humans
infection"
disease"
7. Morbidity
8. Mortality
Public health impact
Flow chart of the pathway from introduction of zoonotic pathogen to public health impact,
represented by 7 criteria from which the risk to public health of emerging zoonoses was derived "
Parasites ranking
0,9
0,8
(relevant for NL)
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
90% confidence intervals; three clusters of statistically different importance (18, 28 resp. 40)
NP = Not Present
Risk analysis human toxocarosis
contamination
NP = Not Present
11
Risk analysis human toxocarosis
Risk analysis human toxocarosis
infection
disease
YOPI$s"
Young"
"
"
Old"
"
"
Pregnant"
"
"
Immune suppressed
Control
Control
Risk management
1. Prevent environmental contamination
Risk management & Risk communication
1. Prevent environmental contamination
- deworm dogs and cats
- clean up pet faeces
- cover sandpits
- deworm dogs and cats
- clean up pet faeces
- cover sandpits
2. Hygiene
- wash the hands of children after playing outdoors
- keep their nails short
- wear gloves during gardening
2. Hygiene
- wash the hands of children after playing outdoors
- keep their nails short
- wear gloves during gardening
!
3. Education of the public
- vet (technician), pet shop, animal shelter, breeder, boarding house
- physician, school doctor, maternity centre
!
Education veterinary
www.esccap.org"
www.esccap.com
Uniform Guidelines for the treatment and control of parasites in pet animals
and to protect the human for zoonotic parasitic infection "
www.capcvet.org
Recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment,
prevention and control of parasitic infections"
12
Maps
1.!Worm control"
2.!Mycoses"
3.!Ectoparasites"
4.!Vector-borne diseases"
5.!Intestinal protozoa"
6.!Small pets (2013)"
7.!Diagnostic Techn. (2014)"
8.!Equines (2015)"
Guidelines +
1 page
summaries"
ESCCAP-Schema zur individuellen Entwurmung
Waiting room poster"
Risikogruppen Hund / Katze
Tier hat freien Auslauf
Ja
Auslauf ohne
Aufsicht
Nein
Kontakt zu
Artgenossen, die nicht im
gleichen Haushalt leben
Nein
Ja
Risikogruppe D
12 x im Jahr
gegen Spul- und
Bandwürmer behandeln oder Kotuntersuchung
Nein
Risikogruppe A
1 bis 2 x im Jahr gegen
Spul- und Bandwürmer behandeln oder Kotuntersuchung
Ja
Ja
Tier frisst Aas oder
den Kot von Artgenossen
Tier frisst Beutetiere
oder geht mit auf die Jagd
Nein
Ja
Nein
Risikogruppe C Risikogruppe B
Hinweis: Kann das individuelle Risiko eines Tieres nicht
eindeutig eingeschätzt werden sollte mind. 4 x im Jahr
Kot untersucht oder entwurmt werden. Denn Studien
haben belegt, dass 1-3 Entwurmungen im Durchschnitt
keinen ausreichenden Schutz bieten.
12 x im Jahr
4 x im Jahr
gegen Bandgegen Spul- und
würmer, 4 x im
Bandwürmer
Jahr gegen
behandeln oder
Spul- und Band- Kotuntersuchung
würmer behandeln oder
Kotuntersuchung
ZUSÄTZLICHE BEHANDLUNGEN
SPULWÜRMER
Welpe
Hunde im Alter von 2 Wo., Katzenwelpen im Alter von 3 Wo., anschließend alle
14 Tage bis 2 Wo. nach Aufnahme der letzten Muttermilch
Trächtige Hündin
Für die Behandlung trächtiger Hündinnen mit dem Ziel, eine pränatale Infektion
der Welpen zu verhindern, gibt es in Deutschland keine zugelassenen Präparate.
Ein Schutz der Welpen konnte jedoch nachgewiesen werden mit z.B. der 2-maligen
Anwendung von makrozyklischen Laktonen um den 40. und 55. Trächtigkeitstag
bzw. der täglichen Anwendung von Fenbendazol ab dem 40. Trächtigkeitstag.
Säugendes Tier
parallel zur 1. Behandlung der Welpen (s.o.)
Besondere Infektionsrisiken: Sportwettkampf, Ausstellung, Tierpension etc.
einmalig max. 4 Wochen vor und 2-4 Wochen nach dem Ereignis
Professionelle Nutzung, z.B. Therapie-,
Rettungs- oder Polizeihund
12 x im Jahr, sofern ein Ausscheiden infektiöser Spulwurmstadien garantiert ausgeschlossen werden soll
Enges Zusammenleben mit kleinen Kindern oder immungeschwächten Personen
12 x im Jahr, sofern ein Ausscheiden infektiöser Spulwurmstadien
garantiert ausgeschlossen werden soll
BANDWÜRMER
Flohbefall
einmalig bei Flohbefall
Reise oder Import in/aus Endemiegebieten Hunde mit hohem Infektionsrisiko 4 Wo. nach Beginn der Reise, dann alle 4 Wo. bis
für Echinococcus
4 Wo. nach Rückkehr. Nach Import umgehend Untersuchung und Behandlung
Frisst rohes Fleisch/Innereien
Hunde, die mit rohem Fleisch ernährt werden, das zuvor nicht ausreichend erhitzt
(10 Min., Kerntemperatur 65o C) oder gefroren (1 Wo., - 17 bis - 20o C) wurde, sollten
alle 6 Wochen gegen Bandwürmer behandelt werden
© ESCCAP Deutschland 2010
HERZWÜRMER
Reise oder Import in/aus Endemiegebieten ab Beginn einer möglichen Übertragung bis 30 Tage nach zuletzt möglicher
für Herzwürmer
Übertragung in monatl. Abständen
Mit diesem Schema möchte ESCCAP Tierärzten und Praxisteam eine
Hilfestellung für die Ermittlung geeigneter Entwurmungsfrequenzen bei
Hunden und Katzen geben. Das Schema ergänzt die ausführliche ESCCAPEmpfehlung zur Bekämpfung von Helminthen bei Hunden und Katzen –
siehe www.esccap.de (Passwort: Parasiten).
Materials"
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Creating awareness owner"
ESCCAP
ESCCAP deworming scheme offspring !
!
Puppies: 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age (until 2 weeks after weaning) "
Kittens: 3, 5, and 7 weeks of age (until 2 weeks after weaning) "
Both: repeated monthly until an age of 6 months!
·%% Nursing bitch & queen: concurrently with their offsprings!
·"" Adult dogs and cats: in average 4 times/year*!
* Preferably after a fecal examination!
ESCCAP
ESCCAP deworming scheme adult animals!
!
• "In cases of increased risk (kennels, households children)
monthly treatment can minimise the risk of patent infections
and the excretion of infective parasite stages (ppp & 4 weeks"
"
• "As an alternative to repeated treatments, faecal examinations
can be performed at intervals from monthly to three monthly."
"
• "No treatments or diagnostic tests are completely reliable."
"
14
ESCCAP
ESCCAP deworming scheme travelling pets!
!
• "Imported dogs and dogs travelling to heartworm and/or
Echinococcus endemic areas: monthly deworming until 1
month after return"
15