Sodium Chloride Process Brian Meeuwsen & Katie Neta Isolation & Purification Solution Mining (54%) Solution: 26% salt 73.5% water 0.5% impurities Evaporation = 99.8% purity Removes calcium, magnesium,
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Sodium Chloride Process Brian Meeuwsen & Katie Neta Isolation & Purification Solution Mining (54%) Solution: 26% salt 73.5% water 0.5% impurities Evaporation = 99.8% purity Removes calcium, magnesium, and sometimes sulfate US food-grade salt = vacuum pan evaporation Rock Salt Mining (32%) 98.5-99.4% purity https://www.google.com/search?q=rock+salt+mining&client=firefox-a&hs=dan&rls=org.mozilla:enUS:official&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=A_WCUvaUGent2wWJ9oCYBQ&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&biw=997&bih=604#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=3mz7HsH4fpObGM%3A%3Bp3XCDXCuujyu6M% 3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.himalayan-natural-salt-lamps.com%252Fmine-salt-photo-gallary%252Frock-salt-mine-pakistan-01.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.himalayan-naturalsalt-lamps.com%252Fnatural-crystal-salt-mine-pakistan.php%3B600%3B450 Isolation and Purification Solar Salt Production (14%) 99.98% purity 6 times the cost of rock salt mining 20 times the cost of solution mining US Usage 4% 2% 3% 2% 2% 49% 38% Chlorine & Caustic Soda highway ice control industrial Food Agriculture Exports Other Chemicals Electrolysis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FDzt5VP50c Concentration is highly important Differ in products formed Dilute NaCl = 2H2 : O2 Concentrate NaCl = H2 : 2NaOH : Cl2 Cathode (reduction): Na+ + e- = Na Anode (oxidation): 2 Cl- = Cl2 + 2 e- https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/electrochemistry/electrolysis/electrolysis-of-molten-sodium-chloride/ Electrolytic process: 2Na+ + 2Cl- + 2H2O → 2Na+ + 2OH- + Cl2 + H2 Caustic Soda Production Reaction Pathway 2 NaCl + CaCO3 → Na2CO3 + CaCl2 NaCl + CO2 + NH3 + H2O → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl (I) CaCO3 → CO2 + CaO (II) 2 NH4Cl + CaO → 2 NH3 + CaCl2 + H2O (III) 2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 (IV) Why Important? Uses: Medical Invented by Hartog Jakob Hamburger 1896 In vitro study of RBC lysis Frequently used in hospitals Normal Saline; IV medications Fluid & electrolyte replenisher Regulation within body maintains: Osmotic pressure Acid-base balance Volume of circulating body fluids $36 million/year http://www.austincc.edu/rxsucces/beginiv4.html Catalytic Properties Thermolysin Activation Used as a Green Catalyst in aqueous reactions Increases the activity of Thermolysin by 13-15 times when in the presence of 4M NaCl at pH 7.0 at 25 degrees Celsius. spirooxindole derivative synthesis Efficiency of tellurium zeolite in the dehydrogenation reactions of ethylbenzene to styrene and n-hexane or cyclohexane to benzene. Economics Salt Sold By Type 8% Type of Salt Price Per Ton Vacuum Pan $170 Solar Salt $70 Rock Salt $35 Salt in Brine $8 10% 44% 38% Rock Salt Salt in Brine Vacuum Pan Solar Salt Economics (2010) Major Producers China = 60 Million Tons (21%) United States = 45 Million Tons (16%) Germany = 16.5 Million Tons (6%) Major Exporters to the US Canada (41%), Chile (31%), Mexico (9%), The Bahamas (6%), Other (13%) US has 27 Companies operating 60 plants in 16 different states for NaCl Production US Industry valued at over $1.8 Billion Recent News (2010) Major rock salt company in Detroit, MI National Salt Reduction Initiative Reference List http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00397911.2010.515365 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167299109600537 http://www.healthline.com/health/sodium-chloride\ http://scorecard.goodguide.com/chemicalprofiles/uses.tcl?edf_substance_id=7647-14-5 http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/sodium-chloride-naturaloccurrence-commercial-preparation.html http://faculty.rcc.edu/freitas/1ALabActivities/1A%20Exp2%20NaClSynth/1A%2 0Exp2Proc%20NaClSynthV6.pdf Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 5th Ed. 2. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. 870-873. Print.