Transcript Joint UNECE/EUROSTAT/FAO/OECD Meeting on Food and Agricultural Statistics in Europe Rome, 29 June-1 July 2005 INVENTORY OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME STATISTICS.

Joint UNECE/EUROSTAT/FAO/OECD
Meeting on
Food and Agricultural Statistics in Europe
Rome, 29 June-1 July 2005
INVENTORY OF AGRICULTURAL
HOUSEHOLD INCOME STATISTICS
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INVENTORY OF AGRICULTURAL
HOUSEHOLD INCOME STATISTICS
• Survey on definitions and measurement
issues in selected countries
• Income statistics for selected countries and
case studies of good practice in applied
methodologies
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Survey on agricultural household income statistics
- Questionnaire sent to UNECE countries plus OECD countries
that are not members of UNECE in March 2004
- By end of June 2004 20 EU countries and 25 non-EU countries
replied.
Two different mailings
- to EU member countries with request to update the
information held and provide any information on changes that
have taken place since the Income of Agricultural Household
Sector report (Eurostat, 2002)
- to non-EU countries with request to fill in questionnaire and
provide any additional information available
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Survey on agricultural household income statistics
20 EU countries have replied:
Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,
Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Portugal,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, United Kingdom
25 countries that are member states of the UNECE and/or OECD
but not of the EU have replied:
Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada,
Croatia, Georgia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, New Zealand,
Norway, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Switzerland, The
former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United
States of America
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Survey on agricultural household income statistics
The questionnaire
1. Definition of a household, agriculture household and rural household
2. Criteria for classification of households into socioprofessional groups
3. Mechanism used to introduce short term stability in num. of ag. hholds
4. Treatment of forestry and/or fishery households.
5. “Broad”definition of an agricultural household.
6. Treatment of non personal form of institution in the household sector
7. Treatment of holdings operated as corporate institutions but de facto
run as family businesses
8. The equivalence scale used to give consumer units.
9. The basis of estimating the value of own consumption
10 The basis of calculating the imputed rental value of own dwellings
11 Calculation of Net Disposable Income of Agriculture Hholds.
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Survey on agricultural household income statistics
Definition of household
How the household is defined is important
• to understand the survey’s coverage of
the population and
• when cross-country comparisons have
to be done.
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Survey on agricultural household income statistics
Definition of household
•
•
•
•
Most commonly used criteria
co-residence (living together in the
same dwelling unit),
pooling of income and resources,
sharing of expenditures, including
joint provision of essentials of living
such as food
existence of family or emotional ties.
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Survey on agricultural household income statistics
11 EU countries
use the definition
in the IAHS and originally
Definition
of household:
EU used
countries
stated in the European System of Integrated Economic Accounts
(ESA) .
People living in the same accommodation, with a shared
budget and who consume certain types of goods and services,
e.g. food, collectively. People do not have to have a family link.
- not all definitions have a reference to shared food
- in Austria, Belgium and Denmark a family link between members of the same
household is necessary
- Estonia, Latvia, Slovenia and Sweden provided a definition very close to the
one stated above.
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-in UK ‘households’ are individuals as the definition is linked to the tax system
Definition of household: Non-EU countries
• The co-residence criterion is used by all the 18
countries that provided a definition of household,
with the only exception of Andorra that is also the
only country to require members of the household to
be part of the same family.
• The definitions used in Canada, Norway and the
United States do not refer to shared budgets but only
refer to sharing a dwelling unit.
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Survey on agricultural household income statistics
Definition of agricultural household
“Narrow” definition
‘agricultural households are those where
the income from independent agricultural
activity, net of capital consumption,
constitutes the main source of the total
income of the reference person’
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Survey on agricultural household income statistics
Definition of agricultural household: EU countries
‘Broad’ definition:
‘agricultural households are those that
derive some income from independent
activity in agriculture (other than income
solely in kind). This income can arise from
activity of the head of household or any
other member” .
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Survey on agricultural household income statistics
Definition of agricultural household: EU countries
Ten countries (Denmark, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands,
Poland and Sweden) use the narrow definition of
agricultural households.
Five countries stated that no definition of
agricultural household is used (Estonia, Latvia,
Luxembourg, Portugal, Slovakia).
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Survey on agricultural household income statistics
Definition of agricultural household: non-EU countries
•The majority of the countries gave a definition
closer to the broad target definition in the IAHS
Manual, than to the narrow one
• Reference is usually made to the income of any
household member rather than to that of the
reference person being involved in agricultural
activities.
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Survey on agricultural household income statistics
Conclusions
o The results of the survey show that there are many
differences in the concepts, definitions and
coverage used by countries in defining the
income of agricultural households.
o It might be argued that such flexibility of detail is
needed to reflect differing socio-economic
conditions, although these differences make
cross-country comparisons difficult.
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Problems of availability:
• Data on global farm hholds income are not
systematically collected
• definition too narrow
• the farm hholds sample too small
• farm income uderestimated (income in kind not
taken into account)
Problems of comparability:
• different definitions of households
• differences in the definition of income and their
components
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What can be done in EU countries?
• The main statistical sources that can be used are farm account
surveys, administrative data (taxation), national Household
Budget Surveys and the Statistics on Income and Living
Conditions (EU-SILC).
• Administrative data are not easily exploitable, in addition in
some countries the available information do not allow to
reconstruct the agricultural household income due to the
special taxation regime applied to small farms (estimated
agricultural income).
• Household Budget Surveys and EU-SILC survey do contain
data on global income of agricultural household, the problem
is that the coverage of farm households is usually too low to
produce a statistically significant sample.
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Background
•
•
•
•
•
The survey exercise in March 2005
Developing country selection criteria
LSMS and & or WCAP
Data access Policy
The need for statistical data on agricultural
populations
• World Census of Agriculture: > 100 countries
• Living Standard Measurement Study: > 30 countries
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Living Standard Measurement
Study Household Surveys
• Characteristics:
– Several questionnaires;
– Small samples;
Challenges:
• Inadequate household survey data;
• Adaptaing the LSMS process;
• Disappointments;
• Intra-household allocations.
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Definition of Household
Country
common dwelling
Target definition
(from TIAH Manual,
Rev.1, para 2.4.1)
Brazil
China
Definition of household
Reference to
shared
shared
family link
budget
food/meals
necessary
yes
yes
yes
(yes)
yes
(yes)
no
no
yes
(yes)
yes
no
yes
(yes)
yes
no
yes
yes
(yes)
yes
yes
yes
no
no
not mentioned
not more than 12 months
not more than 9 of the last 12
months
not more than 3 of the 12
months
not more than 9 of the last 12
months
not mentioned
yes
(yes)
yes
no
absent for less than one month
yes
(yes)
(yes)
no
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
(yes)
yes
yes
yes
no
no
at least 3 of the last 12 months
at least 15 days out of the past
year or more than 15 days of the
past 30 days
less than 6 of the past 12
months
at least six months
Ghana
India
Jamaica
Morocco
students/temporarily absent
Peru
South Africa
Vietnam
Zambia
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Table XIII.2.3
Definition of agricultural household and treatment of fishery/forestry in Developing countries
Country
Brazil
China
India
Jamaica
Morocco
Definition of agriculture households
The definition of holding matches with the one suggested in the FAO Programme for the
World Census of Agriculture (WCA) 2000.
Agricultural household: refers to rural household whose members are either engaged in
purely agricultural activities, or in a combination of agricultural and non-agricultural activities.
Operational Holding (the statistical unit for census) is defined as all land wholly or partly used
for agricultural production and operated as one technical unit by one person, alone or with
others, without regard to title, legal form, size or location.
Operational Holder is the person who takes all managerial decisions regarding cultivation of
land. He may be the legal owner or a leaser or a tenant farmer.
Farmers that possessed a total area of under 25 acres (the definition of small farmer used by
ACB).
Agricultural holding was defined as an economic unit of agricultural production under single
management, comprising all livestock kept and all land used for agricultural production
purposes, regardless to title or legal form.
Peru
South Africa
Vietnam
Zambia
The selected statistical unit is the Agricultural Unit, defined as any piece of land consisting of
one or more parcels, totally or partially used for agricultural production, carried out as a
technical-economic unit by the agricultural holder, without regard to size, tenure or legal status.
If the household members are engaged 50% in agricultural and 50% in non-agricultural
activities, the category is defined by the household’s income.
Agriculture, forestry, fishery households: are households with all or most of labourers
regularly participating, directly or indirectly, in agricultural, forestry or fishery production and
these activities are the principal source of their income.
Agricultural Household: Is a household in which at least one member is carrying out some
agricultural activity on the holding belonging to the household (excluding the growing of
vegetables meant for home consumption). Preliminary testing showed that there was almost oneto-one relationship between the agricultural household and holding. The terms holding and
agricultural household are therefore used interchangeably.
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Own Consumption
• Collection of Data on the value of homeproduced food
• Imputing Values
• Imputation difficulties
• Food as imputed item
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Calculation of net disposable income of
agriculture households
• Entanglement of personal and business
accounts
• Practical way to estimate income
• Seasonal variability of The income of
households
• Consumption smoothing
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Income statistics for selected countries and case
studies of good practice in applied methodologies:
– Farm household surveys
• United States
• Italy
• Canada
– register based agricultural income statistics:
Denmark and Sweden
– European Union -Income from Agriculture Household
Sector (IAHS) statistics
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