Transcript IPM Evolution Continued Reading Assignment Norris et al. Chapter 2. Pests and Their Impacts.

IPM Evolution Continued
Reading Assignment
Norris et al. Chapter 2. Pests and Their
Impacts. Pp. 15 - 45
Silent Spring in Context of its Time
In the 10 years before Silent Spring…
• Many new innovations were introduced.
Pesticides were viewed as one of them.
• Widespread attitude was that man could
control nature. Pesticides were a
manifestation of that view.
• After the depression & war, people wanted
to believe that the govt & corporations
could be trusted.
Silent Spring Coincided with Other
Events
• 1962 – John Glen’s first orbital flight.
• 1962 – Thalidomide taken off market
(problem identified 11/61, public outrage
throughout 1962).
• 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis
• 1961 – 1963 – MLK’s movement climaxes
• 1961 – 1963 – US increased presence
from 900 to 16,000 in Viet Nam
• 1963 – JFK assassinated
Silent Spring Aftermath
• 1963 – President’s Science Advisory
Committee issues report calling for
reducing pesticides’ effects.
• 1963 – Senate calls for creation of
Environmental Protection Commission
• Early – mid ’60’s – Increased sensitivity in
analytical equipment enables detection of
ppb’s. Including other chemicals.
• 1965 – First pesticide food tolerances
As the Effects Spread …
• Public became increasingly negative
toward chemical companies.
• 1970 – EPA established.
• 1972 – DDT banned (biomagnification)
• 1973 – IBP project started
– Emphasized pest control as a system
– Introduced pest modeling/decision tools
– Only for insects
IPM Concept Solidifies in the
1970’s
• 1975 – First textbook, Metcalf & Luckman
(former had been criticized in SS)
• 1978 – CIPM project replaces IBP
– Included weeds & plant pathogens
– Included economic analyses
• 1978 – KY statewide IPM program began
IPM Becomes Ingrained
• 1984 – IPM becomes an annual federal
budget item
• Large-scale scouting programs rise,
decline, and stabilize in the 1980’s
• 1993 – National IPM Initiative: 75 % of US
cropland to have IPM by 2000
• 2000 – National effort to develop “Crop
Profiles” and “IPM Strategic Plans”
Current Status
• IPM widely recognized as the proper
approach to dealing with pests in
production agriculture.
• Implementation is up to individual farmers
so it varies considerably
• Concepts are well established but the
technology continues to improve.
Significance of Pests in IPM
By Wednesday, Read Norris et al. Chapter
5, Comparative Biology of Pests
Impact Related to Direct & Indirect
Effects
Comparison of Direct and Indirect Pests
Characteristic
Direct
Indirect
Commodity
Yield-Pest
Relationship
Marketable
Non-Marketable
Simple
Complex
Pest Status
Usually Key Pest
Any
Pest Group
Insects &
Pathogens
Any
Farmer Tolerance
Low
Higher
General Impact of Pests -- Injury
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Consumption of plant parts
Chemical toxins, elicitors, and signals
Physical damage
Loss of harvest quality
Cosmetic damage
Vectoring of pathogens
Direct contamination
General Impact of Pests – Noninjury
• Costs incurred to implement controls
• Environmental and social costs
• Regulatory costs (embargoes,
quarantines, shipment costs, etc.)
Crop Injury in More Detail
• Crop Injury
– Tissue Injury
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Leaves
Structural
Roots
Flowers and Fruiting/Reproductive Tissues
General Systemic Injury
– Competition
• Water, Light, Nutrients
– Allelopathy
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Abscission -- Leaf prematurely dropped by the plant, often while still green.
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Bleaching Leaf turns white or nearly so. Usually caused by using the wrong
herbicide.
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Chlorosis Leaf tissue loses its chlorophyll and turns yellow. May
occur in spots.
Chlorosis in soybeans. Individual leaves (left) and at the field level (right).
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Crinkling Leaf takes on a crinkled texture. Usually associated with viruses
or toxic effects of saliva from homopterous insects.
Crinkling may occur throughout the leaf (left) or may be confined to edges (right).
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Cupping and Curling Leaves cup up or down or they curl inward from the edges.
Downward cupping along main vein of each leaflet in soybeans caused by
Bean Common Mosaic Potyvirus
Tissue
Injury
to
Leaves
Edge Feeding Leaves chewed and eaten from the edges. Feeding lesions can
have smooth or jagged edges. Usually caused by insects w/chewing mouthparts.
Leaf edge feeding on rhododendron leaves by adult black vine root weevils.
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Hole Feeding Leaves have holes chewed through them. Caused by insects
w/chewing mouthparts.
Yellow poplar weevil adult feeding on yellow poplar
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Mines Caused by small, immature beetles or flies that live in-between the upper
and lower leaf surfaces. The shape of the mine, along with the plant species
being attacked, is useful in identifying the pest species involved.
Frass-linear
leaf mine on
birch leaf.
Mines come in
many shapes.
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Mottling Leaf is not uniform in color but is, instead, a mottled mixture of
different shades of green to yellow.
Soybean leaf mottling caused by the Bean Pod Mottle Virus.
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Necrosis Areas of dead tissue which usually sloughs off over time.
Necrosis simply means dead
tissue and may occur in any
pattern. Necrosis may be in
spots (top left), on leaf margins
(above), or follow leaf veins
(bottom left). Other patterns are
possible as well.
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Rolling Leaf is rolled up like a cigar. Usually caused by caterpillars
that use the rolled leaf as a pupation chamber.
Leaves may be rolled entirely (above) or only
partially (left).
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Shothole Small holes in a straight line across the leaf. Usually caused by
insects that bore through the developing leaf when the un-emerged leaf is
still rolled up in the plant’s whorl.
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Skeletonization Leaf tissue between the veins is removed but the veins
remain intact leaving a skeleton-like appearance.
Lindin leaf skeletonized by Japanese
beetle. Note that the distal leaf tissue
is relatively normal looking indicating
that the leaf veins are fully functional.
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Spots Caused by fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases. Spots vary in size, shape
and number and may be solid or only peripheral (e.g. ring spot, frog-eye spot).
Fungal leaf spot on soybean
Bacterial leaf spot on pepper
Viral ring spot
on purple cone
flower
Tissue
Injury
to
Leaves
Stippling Large numbers of tiny pin-prick feeding lesions cause by mites or
other minute herbivores with piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Leaf stippling by leaf hoppers (sucking insect). Non-uniform pattern. Stippling
= dead cells surrounding feeding puncture.
Tissue Injury to Leaves
Windowpaning One side of the leaf is scrapped off leaving the other
side intact and translucent. This gives the feeding lesion a window-like
appearance. Primarily caused by some young beetle and moth larvae.
Cereal leaf beetle windowpaning on
wheat (left); European corn borer
windowpaning on corn (right).