Transcript Chapter 10 Homework:10.13, 10.17, 10.18, 10.19, 10.24, 10.25,10.27, 10.29, 10.30, 10.32, 10.34, 10.35, 10.41

Chapter 10
Homework:10.13, 10.17, 10.18,
10.19, 10.24, 10.25,10.27, 10.29,
10.30, 10.32, 10.34, 10.35, 10.41
Organic Chemistry
• Organic Chemistry- the chemistry of
compounds of carbon
• Organic compounds mainly have carbon
and only a few other elements such as
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
• Some may contain sulfur, halogens, or
phosphorus as well
Early Days
• Early on, organic molecules where thought
to only come from living organisms
• It was believed that a “vital force” was
needed to create organic molecules
• A chemist could not synthesize an organic
molecule from inorganic ones.
Friedrich Wöhler
• Friedrich Wohler disproved this by heating
Ammonium Chloride and Silver Cyanate,
both inorganic compounds, and got urea, an
organic compound found in urine
O
NH4 Cl
+ AgNCO
+ AgCl
NH2
NH2
Urea
Today, approx. 85% of all known compounds are Organic!!!
Sources of Organic Compounds
1) Isolation from Nature
-Living organisms are chemical
“factories”
- Each plant, animal, microorganism, etc,
makes thousands of organic compounds
by a process called biosynthesis
- These compounds can be extracted and
isolated from these biological sources
Sources of Organic Compounds
2) Synthesis in the laboratory
-organic chemist strive to develop more
ways to make the same compounds found
in nature
-Compounds made in a lab are identical to
those found in nature, assuming they are
pure
• Chemists not only synthesize compounds
found in nature, but also create molecules
not found in nature.
• The majority of the more than 10 million
known organic molecules are purely
synthetic and do not exist in living
organisms.
Structure of Organic Molecules
• A structural Formula shows all atoms
present in a molecule as well as the bonds
that connect the atoms to each other.
Ex.
H H
C2H5OH
H
C
C
H
H
O
H
• Table 10.2 shows several covalent
compounds containing carbon bonded to H,
O, N, and Cl
• You are responsible for knowing the
name, structural Formulas, and bond
angles for these molecules!!
Typical Bonding
• From this table, we can see the following:
– Carbon normally forms 4 covalent bonds and
has no unshared pairs of electrons
– Nitrogen normally forms 3 covalent bonds and
has 1 unshared pair of electrons
– Oxygen normally forms 2 covalent bonds and
has 2 unshared pairs of electrons
– Hydrogen normally forms 1 covalent bond and
has no unshared pairs of electrons
– Halogens normally forms 1 covalent bond and
have 3 unshared pairs of electrons
Example 10.1
• This would be a good test question:
Functional Groups
• Functional Group- an atom or group of atoms
within a molecule that shows a characteristic
set of physical and chemical properties.
• While organic compounds can undergo a wide
variety of chemical reactions, only certain
portions of their structures are changed in any
particular reaction.
• The part that undergoes chemical reactions are
functional groups.
• The same functional group will undergo the same
type of reaction regardless of the molecule it occurs
in!!!!
• Therefore, we don’t have to study individual
compounds, we can identify only a few
characteristic functional groups and then study
the chemical reactions that each undergoes!!
• Functional groups also serve as the basis for
naming organic compounds
Functional Group Summary
• They are sites of chemical reactions
• Determine in large measure the physical
properties of a compound
• Are the units by which we divide organic
compounds into families
• Serve as the basis for naming organic
molecules.
Five Common Function Groups
Family
Functional
Group
Example
Name
Alcohols
• The functional group of an alcohol is an
-OH group, the hydroxyl group, bonded to a
tetrahedral carbon.
• Alcohols are classified as 1o (primary), 2o
(secondary), and 3o (tertiary) depending on
the number of carbon atoms bonded to the
carbon bearing the -OH group.
• Examples:
Amines
• The functional group of an amine is an
amino group.
• Amino group- a nitrogen atom bonded to
one, two, or three carbon atoms.
• Example:
• Amines are classified as primary,
secondary, or tertiary Based on the
number of carbons bonded to the
nitrogen!!
• This is different than alcohols!!!
• Examples:
Aldehydes and Ketones
• Both contain an oxygen double bonded to a
carbon, this is called a carbonyl group.
• In Aldehydes, the carbonyl is bonded to at
least one hydrogen
• In Ketones, the carbonyl is bonded to two
carbon groups.
Carboxylic Acids
• The functional group for Carboxylic Acids
is -COOH, the carboxyl group