TRAINING FOR SAFETY World Aviation Training Symposium Orlando 27th April 2010 John Bent Director Training Strategy proposed Pegasus Flight Academy - China WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John.
Download ReportTranscript TRAINING FOR SAFETY World Aviation Training Symposium Orlando 27th April 2010 John Bent Director Training Strategy proposed Pegasus Flight Academy - China WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John.
TRAINING FOR SAFETY World Aviation Training Symposium Orlando 27th April 2010 John Bent Director Training Strategy proposed Pegasus Flight Academy - China WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 1 The latest threat to crew training resources USD 1.7billion has just been lost to international airlines in one week Source IATA WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 2 SAFETY - THE GOOD NEWS - 2009 IATA SAFETY REPORT 2009: 2009 ACCIDENT RATE REDUCED: 0.71 versus 0.81 in 2008 [hull losses per million flights of Western-built jet aircraft] = one per 1.4 million flights SAFELY FLOWN: 2.3 billion people on 35 million flights (27 million jet, 8 million turboprop) LESS ACCIDENTS WESTERN BUILT TYPES: 19 vv 22 in 2008 LESS ACCIDENTS (all types) 90 vv 109 in 2008 LESS FATAL ACCIDENTS (all types): 18 vv 23 in 2008 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 3 SAFETY - THE BAD NEWS - 2009 IATA SAFETY REPORT 2009: MORE FATALITIES: 685 vv 502 in 2008 1.36 times worse REGIONAL RATES WHICH ROSE: • ASIA PACIFIC: 0.86 vv 0.58 in 2008 1.48 times worse • M/E: 3.32 vv 1.89 in 2008 1.75 times worse • AFRICA: 9.94 vv 2.12 in 2008 4.68 times worse Runway excursions and ground damage were main categories Pilot handling was a contributing factor in 30% of all accidents. WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 4 ANY SENSE THAT 2009 RESULTS WERE BETTER COULD GENERATE COMPLACENCY Longer term trends by type and regions remain disturbing Complete elimination of accidents is unrealistic, but: Any serious accident which could have been reasonably AVOIDED or MITIGATED was an industry safety system failure WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 5 CREW TRAINING - UK CAA 2008: Training is the best investment against catastrophic risk The top catastrophic accident risks identified were: 1. LOC (loss of control) 2. CFIT (controlled flight into terrain) 3. Post-crash fire 4. Runway excursions and overruns Crew judgment and actions are the most consistent causal factor in global catastrophic accidents This situation will remain true for the foreseeable future Crew-related issues dominate accident causal factors, featuring in 75% of fatal accidents WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 6 FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION: Major accident totals threaten levels not seen since 1990s Totals threaten levels not seen since 1990s ‘Last five-year’ accidents exceed previous five-year periods “at this pace, we'll be turning the clock back 10 years in safety” BUFFALO NEWS – DEC 2009: Are today's airline pilots churned out by "pilot mills" that train to minimum standards? WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 7 AN INDUSTRY WITH REMARKABLE CHALLENGES Hardware growth has outstripped human-ware available 911 and SARS discouraged steady expansion of training capacity 2007-2008: aircraft were grounded without crews Crew training rates inadequate; training trended to minimums 2009 - global recession; reversal to surplus crews Pilot layoffs and unpaid leave Less pressure on training delivery, yet increased pilot mobility Accidents on the rise; no surprise Now volcanic ash WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 8 THE LONG TERM ACCIDENT RATE MAY EXCEED THAT COMMENSURATE WITH EXPANSION ALONE IF SO, WHY? WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 9 TRAINING & SAFETY The following slides depict a sample of just 40 airline accidents since 2005 (not exhaustive) Detailed analysis is not intended These tragic slides will be shown rapidly, aimed at the bigger picture, and to stay within my presentation time As many as 35 of this sample (88%) may be concluded to have contained crew training as possible mitigants WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 10 2 Aug 2005 Air France A340 Toronto RUNWAY DEPARTURE: Could more effective training have mitigated? Undesired aircraft state- unstable approach in bad weather 1 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 11 14 Aug 2005 Helios B737 Greece CREW INCAPACITATION: Could more effective training have mitigated? Tech and procedures? 2 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 12 16 Aug 2005 W Caribbean MD82 Venezuala LOSS OF CONTROL: Could more effective training have mitigated? loss of control in cruise; a/c overload, stall? “The pilots may have lacked basic instrument flying skills due to continuous over reliance on automated flight. Did they monitor their instruments? Indications should have alerted them of subtle airspeed decay as the aircraft was overloaded and at too high a FL...” 3 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 13 23 Oct 2005 Bellview B737 Lagos LOSS OF CONTROL: Could more effective training have mitigated? Unknown as yet The airplane impacted ground at a speed of around 400 knots in a near wings level attitude with both engines at takeoff thrust. All 111 passengers and 6 crew perished in the crash. Nigerian Authorities promised a final report in 2007, but has not come to light so far. 4 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 14 29 Sep 2006 GOL B737-800 Brasil COLLISION: Could more effective training have mitigated? Procedures, situational awareness, TCAS? 5 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 15 29 Nov 2007 AtlasJet MD83 at Isparta IMPACT WITH TERRAIN: Could more effective training have mitigated? - heading, situational awareness = controlled flight into terrain (CFIT)? 6 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 16 7 Mar 2007 Garuda B737 Yogyakarta OVERRAN RUNWAY: Could more effective training have mitigated? Crew resource management (authority gradient) 7 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 17 4 May 2007 Kenya Airways B737 Douala CRASHED AFTER TAKE-OFF: Could more effective training have mitigated? - took-off into heavy TS According to the former minister, “the Camerounian State is not to be blamed as the pilot was asked not to fly due bad weather”. The Kenya Airways Boeing 737-800 suddenly disappeared from radar screens two minutes after take-off from the Douala International Airport during a heavy thunderstorm. 8 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 18 17 Jul 2007 TAM A320 Sao Paolo RUNWAY EXCURSION: Could more effective training have mitigated? Undesired aircraft state - reverser inoperative procedures 9 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 19 17 Jan 2008 BA B777 Heathrow LOSS OF POWER: Could more effective training have mitigated? NO: Sound airmanship displayed - AAIB report 10 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 20 14 Feb 2008 Belgavia CRJ100 Yerevan DE-ICING PROCEDURES: Could more effective training have mitigated? Loss of control -refused advice to de-ice for take off 11 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 21 ATR42 nr Merida 21 Feb 2008 FLEW INTO TERRAIN: Could more effective training have mitigated? - failed to align NAV pre-take off = Situational Awareness + CFIT 12 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 22 15 Apr 2008 Hewa Bora DC95 Goma RUNWAY OVERRUN: Could more effective training have mitigated? Overrun - tyre burst after V1; tried to stop 13 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 23 25 May 2008 Kalitta B747 Brussels RUNWAY OVERRUN: Could more effective training have mitigated? Procedures; slow rejected take off? 14 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 24 30 May 2008 TACA A320 Tegucigalpa RUNWAY DEPARTURE: Could more effective training have mitigated? Undesired aircraft state - landing performance? 15 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 25 10 Jun 2008 Sudan Airways A310 Khartoum RUNWAY DEPARTURE: Could more effective training have mitigated? Undesired aircraft state - landing performance? 16 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 26 6 Jul 2008 USA Jet DC91 Saltillo GO AROUND FAILED: Could more effective training have mitigated? Undesired aircraft state-approach to wrong runway 17 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 27 20 Aug 2008 Spanair MD82 Madrid DEPARTED RUNWAY: Could more effective training have mitigated? Flaps not set for take-off -undesired aircraft state - procedures 18 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 28 24 Aug 2008 Itek Air B732 Bishkek LOST CONTROL ON APPROACH: Could more effective training have mitigated? Undesired aircraft state – visual awareness? 19 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 29 30 Aug 2008 Conviasa B737 Latacunga FLEW INTO TERRAIN: Could more effective training have mitigated? crew resource management, situational awareness 20 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 30 14 Sep 2008 Aeroflot-Nord B735 Perm LOST CONTROL ON APPROACH: Could more effective training have mitigated? Recent formal ruling that pilot was drunk, CRM? Since this accident Russia's transport ministry signed an agreement with Boeing aimed at improving air transport safety in the country. The memorandum, identifies provision of training for flight crew and technical personnel and the development of training infrastructure as crucial areas 21 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 31 27 Nov 2008 ANZ A320 nr Perpignan LOST CONTROL: Could more effective training have mitigated? test flight procedures training (BEA)? 22 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 32 20 Dec 2008 Continental B737 Denver RUNWAY OVERRUN: Could more effective training have mitigated? Undesired aircraft state -failed take-off & runway overrun? 23 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 33 15 Jan 2009 US Air A320 Hudson River TRAINING & EXPERIENCE SAVED THE DAY! 24 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 34 12 Feb 2009 Colgan Air DH8D Buffalo LOST CONTROL: Could more effective training have mitigated? - procedures, icing and stall recovery training? 25 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 35 25 Feb 2009 Turkish B737 Amsterdam LOST CONTROL ON APPROACH: Could more effective training have mitigated? Automation reliance & monitoring? 26 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 36 23 Mar 2009 Fedex MD11 Tokyo FLIPPED ON LANDING: Could more effective training have mitigated? Undesired aircraft state -known handling issues in strong gusts? 27 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 37 9 Apr 2009 Aviastar BAe 146 Wamena IMPACT WITH TERRAIN: Could more effective training have mitigated? Undesired aircraft state-loss of control; circling in low cloud base? 28 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 38 29 Apr 2009 Bako Air B737 Massamba CRASHED AFTER TAKE-OFF: Could more effective training have mitigated? As yet unknown but aircraft stored for 1 year? 29 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 39 1 June 2009 Air France A330 Atlantic LOST CONTROL: Could more effective training have mitigated? - inadequate evidence as yet 30 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 40 30 Jun 2009 Yemenia A310 East Africa LOST CONTROL: Could more effective training have mitigated? Undesired aircraft state - missed approach in big twin; as yet unknown 31 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 41 14 Jul 2009 Caspian Tu 154 nr Tehran IMPACTED TERRAIN: Could more effective training have mitigated? -as yet unknown 32 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 42 24 Jul 2009 Aryan Airlines IL62 Mashhad (Iran) OVERRAN RUNWAY: Could more effective training have mitigated? -Technical (gear?), late landing, but as yet unknown 33 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 43 4 Aug 2009 Bangkok Awys ATR72 Koh Samui RUNWAY EXCURSION: Could more effective training have mitigated? Departed runway in strong winds and rain - as yet unknown 34 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 44 21 Oct 2009 Sudan Awys B707F Sharjah LOST CONTROL: Could more effective training have mitigated? Lost control during initial climb and crashed – as yet unknown 35 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 45 19 Nov 2009 Cpgn African Avn MD82 Goma OVERRAN RUNWAY: Could more effective training have mitigated? Overran runway in ‘rainy conditions’ - as yet unknown 36 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 46 22 Dec 2009 American Airlines 738 Kingston OVERRAN RUNWAY: Could more effective training have mitigated? Overran runway in heavy rain - as yet unknown 37 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 47 2 Jan 2010 Compagnie B727-200 Kinshasa RUNWAY EXCURSION: Could more effective training have mitigated? Veered off runway on landing - heavy rain 38 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 48 24 Jan 2010 Taban Air TU 154 Mashad Iran RUNWAY EXCURSION: Could more effective training have mitigated? Landing in fog with medical emergency Flight International 39 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 49 25 Jan 2010 Ethiopian 738 Nr Beirut CRASHED IN DEPARTURE: Could more effective training have mitigated? Lost height and impacted Mediterranean (WX?) - as yet unknown 40 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 50 LESSONS FROM THIS SAMPLE? 1. That most accident risks realised could be foreseen in training! 2. That reactive is easier then proactive! 3. That 35 of the 40 accidents sampled (88%) may count as probable human factors and training [LOSS OF CONTROL / undesired aircraft state (irrecoverable departure from normal operational parameters) & 4. controlled flight into terrain] That today we still DO NOT focus a commensurate amount of pilot training on human factors! (it’s more like 10%?) 5. We must mitigate accidents with TRAINING WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 51 Back to the 2009 IATA REPORT Runway excursions and ground damage were main categories Pilot handling was a contributing factor in 30% of all accidents So what’s happening in 2010 ? WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 52 DURING THE FIRST 120 DAYS OF 2010, NOT MUCH HAS CHANGED WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 53 RUNWAY EXCURSIONS & GROUND DAMAGE 2010 (page1) 2 Jan Compagnie Africaine Aviation B727-200, Kinshasa (Congo) Veered off runway on landing 3 Jan Air Berlin B737-800, Dortmund (Germany) Rejected takeoff - runway overrun 8 Jan Air Berlin B737-800, Nuremberg (Germany) Veered off runway on take off 9 Jan Yas Air IL76, Kiev (Ukraine) Runway excursion on landing 15 Jan Iran Air F100, Isfahan (Iran) Nose gear collapse on landing 16 Jan Iran Air A300-600, Stockholm (Sweden) Went off runway on line up for take off 19 Jan PSA Airlines CRJ2, Charleston (USA) Overran runway on take off 7 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent Source: Aviation Herald 54 RUNWAY EXCURSIONS & GROUND DAMAGE 2010 (page2) 19 Jan 21 Jan 22 Jan 25 Jan 27 Jan 28 Jan 30 Jan Lion Air B737-900, Padang (Indonesia) Runway excursion on landing Aeromexico Connect E145, Tijuana (Mexico) Went off runway on landing Skywest CRJ7, Winnipeg (Canada) Overran runway on landing West Air CRJ2 Longyearbyen (Norway) Veered off runway on landing Cimber AT72, Bornholm (Denmark) Veered off runway on landing Bulog AN26, Wamena (Indonesia) Overran runway on landing Donavia B737-400, Rostov (Russia) Overran runway on landing 14 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent Source: Aviation Herald 55 RUNWAY EXCURSIONS & GROUND DAMAGE 2010 (page3) 31 Jan 4 Feb 8 Feb 10 Feb 13 Feb 18 Feb 22 Feb Skyservice A320, Varadero (Cuba) Hard landing – three tyres blown Yakutia AN24, Yakutsk (Russia) Rejected take-off but airborne / gear up Shasheen B737-200, Peshawar (Pakistan) Departed runway on landing KLM B737-300, Schiphol (Netherlands) Took off on taxiway Batavia B737-200, Surabaya (Indonesia) Nose gear skidded on line up – tyres blew Shuttle America Embraer ERJ-170, Cleveland (USA) Overran the runway on landing Spring Airlines A320-200, Shenyang (China) Landed tail first – structural damage 21 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent Source: Aviation Herald 56 RUNWAY EXCURSIONS & GROUND DAMAGE 2010 (page4) 24 Feb Ethiopian Airlines B737-700, Lubumbashi (Congo) Departed taxiway after landing 24 Feb Air Canada Airbus A321-200, Toronto (Canada) Landed without ATC clearance 25 Feb Lion Air B 737, Padang (Indonesia) Main gear departed paved surface 26 Feb Garuda Indonesia B 737-800, Perth (Australia) Entered RWY 06 after landing - no clearance 26 Feb Aeroflot A320-200, Oslo Gardermoen (Norway) Took off on taxiway 1 Mar Air Tanzania B737-200, Mwanza (Tanzania) Veered off the departure runway 30 17 Mar Shaheen Air International B737-200, Peshawar (Pakistan) Overran the runway on landing 28 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent Source: Aviation Herald 57 RUNWAY EXCURSIONS & GROUND DAMAGE 2010 (page5) 22 Mar Aviastar TU-204-100, Moscow Domodedovo (Russia Landed about 1000 meters short of rwy 14R 23 Mar China Airlines B747-400F, Anchorage, (USA) Struck its tail onto the departure runway 24 Mar Cargojet B727-200, Moncton, (Canada) Overran runway 06 while landing 24 Mar Asiana A321-200, Omitama (Japan) Overran runway 21L by about 30 meters 25 Mar Westjet B737-800, Cancun (Mexico) Tail strike during takeoff 25 Mar Air Madagascar B737-300, Nossi-be (Madagascar) Main gear off the paved surface after landing 5 Apr Egypt Air A330-200, Cairo (Egypt) Wrong taxiway - impacted two light poles (wrong park position entered into FMS – wing damage) 35 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent Source: Aviation Herald 58 RUNWAY EXCURSIONS & GROUND DAMAGE 2010 (page6) 8 Apr PSA Airlines CRJ-200, Charleston, WV (USA) Overran runway - rejected takeoff at high speed 13 Apr Merpati Nusantara B737-300, Manokwari (Indonesia) Overran runway while landing 21 Apr Cargojet B727-200, Moncton (Canada) Overran runway 06 while landing 38 (Since 1st Jan 2010) WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent Source: Aviation Herald 59 Is our collective industry eye still off the SAFETY ball? WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 60 THE BIG QUESTION SHOULD INDUSTRY ACCEPT THAT ACCIDENT & INCIDENT RATES: (1) ARE AS LOW AS ECONOMICALLY VIABLE? OR (2) MUST BE FURTHER REDUCED? WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 61 AS GROWTH RESUMES, IF THE ACCIDENT RATE REMAINS UNCHANGED Expansion of The accident the global fleet will increase RATE must be DRIVEN DOWN the number of further accidents WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 62 ALTHOUGH THE RATE IS LOW RELATIVE TO ACTIVITY: A doubling of the fleet next 20 years at same rate could result in 10,000 fatalities or more; tragedies with commercial consequences for passenger growth SO WE MUST ACT To hold accidents down to 150 and a possible 5,000 fatalities, we must HALVE the accident rate NOW WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 63 THE BRIC COUNTRIES (Brazil, Russia, India, & China) ARE MOST EXPOSED – NEXT 20 YEARS Source: ACI Sept 08 THE BRICS WILL EXCEED USA BY 2027 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent IN CHINA ALONE: 20 YEAR PROJECTIONS FOR NEW AIRCRAFT: Pre-recession projection: 3,800 airframes Post recession-REVISED projection: 2,800 airframes New airline pilots required (including 8,000 retirements): 41,600 Source: manufacturers and IATA WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 65 THE VERDICT: ‘RATES MUST BE FURTHER REDUCED’! This month in Montreal, ICAO announced an action plan to: Lead a safety information exchange Coordinate efforts to establisha global safety information exchange to enable analysis of key safety indicators Work with IATA and the FAA, to "facilitate the collection, analysis and dissemination of safety information provided by states and industry partners throughout the international aviation community” But these actions will take a LONG TIME. Improved training is an obvious action which can be taken NOW WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 66 ACTION - THE CHALLENGES: WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 67 THE CHANGE CHALLENGE Change is not easy; defense of ‘status quo’ is A long established process is understood Prejudice (conclusions without the facts) is a great time saver New processes are more acceptable once widely adopted NAAs and Training Organisations prefer not to be ‘first’ DOEPS [DEFENCE OF ESTABLISHED PROCESS SYNDROME]? WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 68 THE SAFETY CHALLENGE ANOMALY (AREN’T WE SAFE ENOUGH?) Approx 18,000 airliners are continuously in operation; that’s approx 2,700,000 passengers in flight BUT: Hundreds of thousands of safe flights are not news Airline accidents are immediate media drama Public perceptions form with the first media bite Safe enough to relax? NO, that’s complacency WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 69 THE SKILL & EXPERIENCE LOSS CHALLENGE (UNCOMFORTABLE SYSTEMIC MIX): As hardware and technology improved: crew dependence on automation increased raw piloting and monitoring skills regressed technology was perceived to reduce training need human factors became more exposed as common cause In parallel, recent rapid growth: reduced average experience on airliner flight decks encouraged new entry criteria for pilots (generation ‘G’ and beyond may pose even more challenges) placed increasing pressure on training systems forced cost savings into crew training programmes WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 70 THE AUTOMATION CHALLENGE Washington Post, 29 June 2009 “Automated systems are often designed to relieve humans of tasks that are repetitive. “When such algorithms become sophisticated, however, humans start to relate to them as if they were fellow human beings” “The autopilot on a plane, the cruise control on a car, automated speed control systems in mass transit, are all conveniences but can become crutches” “The more reliable the system, the more likely it is that humans in charge will ‘switch off’ and lose their concentration, and the greater the likelihood that a confluence of unexpected factors that stymie the algorithm will produce catastrophe” WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 71 THE PROCESS CHALLENGE CUSTOMER NEED DEFINED COMPETENT SAFE PILOTS INPUTS TO SELECTION FEEDBACK ANALYSIS Continuous improvement COMPULSORY REPORTING: CUSTOMER & TRAINING ORG TO NAA NAA TO ICAO VERIFICATION AUDITS: 1) 2) REGULATION & FACILITATION INDUSTRY > ICAO DEVELOP BEST PRACTICE NEW SARPS TO NAA TRAINING ORGANISATION APPLIES NAA REQUIREMENTS PLUS LOCAL ENHANCEMENTS TRAINING ORG BY CUSTOMER & NAA NAA BY ICAO WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 72 THE TIME & RESOURCE CHALLENGE (THERE’S LIMITED TIME TO ACT) Seeing through the recession The training industry has had great difficulty preparing for the next growth phase, as enterprise resources have been decimated Belt tightening prevented widespread adoption of best practice; mostly ‘more of the same’ prevailed The next growth surge can be seen on a closer horizon WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 73 THE MANAGEMENT PERCEPTION CHALLENGE Training practitioners usually agree that TRAINING IMPROVEMENTS ARE NEEDED, but what about CAPA Management survey 2009 >> WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 74 TRAINING AS A PRIORITY: Current priorities are not training! Short Term Challenges: What will be the 3 biggest challenges for your business over the NEXT 12 MONTHS? 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% Source: Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation Survey, Sept 09 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent Quality of Training Environmental Issues Regulatory Issues Technology Implementation Availability of Skilled Resources Operating Costs (nonfuel) Oil Price Volatility Funding & Capital Raising Weak Demand 0.0% TRAINING AS A CHALLENGE: A greater spread of opinions on the key issues - medium term Medium Term Challenges: What will be the 3 biggest challenges for your business over the NEXT 1-3 YEARS? 50.0% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% Source: Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation Survey, Sept 09 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent Quality of Training Technology Implementation Regulatory Issues Availability of Skilled Resources Environmental Issues Operating Costs (nonfuel) Funding & Capital Raising Weak Demand Oil Price Volatility 0.0% How can crew training be enhanced if company executives don’t see the need? WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 77 INDUSTRY ACTION? CONVINCE DECISION MAKERS THAT WE HAVE A PROBLEM [ICAO, IATA, FAA ARE CLEARLY CONVINCED] ENHANCE CREW TRAINING; THE CONTROLLABLE VARIABLE As hardware cannot be changed rapidly (we have what we have) Crew Training (both airline & GA) must be driven rapidly towards: more relevance; proactive to risk & SMS higher quality & continuous improvement more sustainability & topicality (recurrent) WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 78 FIND THE LOWEST HANGING FRUIT WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 79 Chairman of the Flight Training Department, Embry‐Riddle Aeronautical University: “Our experience and research lead us to believe a successful airline pilot candidate preparation program should embrace a methodology to weed out unsuccessful candidates prior to their employment by the airlines” TOO OBVIOUS? Yes but much more can be done USD 5,000 more invested in Selection could reduce system risk, and save >USD 50,000 downstream WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 80 RAISE TRAINING STANDARDS - EVERYWHERE WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 81 RAISE QUALITY - EVERYWHERE Cost reductions (‘more’ training cannot easily be added) Quality, and relevance must rise WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 82 TAKE A MORE GLOBAL HOLISTIC APPROACH GENERAL AVIATION Much airspace is shared by GA & Airlines One airline supply pipeline is GA Effective early training is vital throughout aviation Many best practices developed for airline operations could be cross pollinated into GA training WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 83 FIND THE QUALITY DRIVERS Without data, aviation safety is at the mercy of opinion QA or SMS requires performance data to analyse This data comes from multiple sources (in airlines): For example >> WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 84 USE INDUSTRY EXTERNAL DATA Flight Operations LINE OPERATIONAL SAFETY AUDIT (LOSA) Whole Airline: IATA OPERATIONAL SAFETY AUDIT (IOSA) Whole Airline Industry: GLOBAL SAFETY DATA (ICAO, IATA, FSF..) WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 85 USE LOSA (LINE OPERATIONAL SAFETY AUDIT) DATA After 10 years, and more than 6,000 LOSA flights… - over 90% of flights exhibited observable crew errors Numerous events were precipitated by an error made by the captain, unchallenged by other crew members (reluctance to challenge, expressed as ‘authority gradient’ (G. Hofstede) 50% of LOSA-observed errors went undetected by the crew 32% of errors were intentional noncompliance (Violations) WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 86 LOSA DATA SHOWS WHAT CREWS DO RIGHT WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 87 Emeritus Professor Bob Helmreich (University of Texas), champion of LOSA & TEM (Threat & Error Management), in October 2006: “After 10 years of examining how flight crews manage errors (LOSA data), it is clear that all successful crews do two things: 1. Cooperate to rigorously monitor and cross check to make sure they pick up threats and errors early, and 2. Actively engage in checking and verifying every setting and action which can affect safety.” No Surprise! But much more can be done WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 88 USE AIRLINE INTERNAL DATA Flight Operations SELECTION CRITERIA & DATA (& downstream performance: another presentation!) Safety Dept FOQA / QAR DATA & CONFIDENTIAL REPORTS Flight Operations & Training Dept CREW PERFORMANCE DATA (training progress, PCs / route checks) FUTURE INITIATIVE: Flight Operations & Training Dept SIMULATOR PERFORMANCE DATA WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 89 OK SO WHAT’S NEW? Not much, most airlines collect these data already But how many airlines analyse, organise, and collate this data into a REAL TIME system ‘health check’? Airline training systems would benefit immediately; through more rapid response to new threats WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 90 CAPITALISE ON CURRENT INITIATIVES ITQI (IATA Training & Qualification Initiative) Active development of Type VII FSTD ATC Simulation Active development of Upset Recovery Training (URT) standards (RAeS International Committee - aviation training in extended envelopes– ICATEE) Improved type training programmes; eg. APT3 (Airbus Pilot Training) & B787 type training – all embedded with TEM (Threat & Error Management) ATSAS (Aircrew Training Standards & Safety - safety data driving training) NGAP (ICAO Next Generation Aviation Professionals) Initiative – March 2010 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 91 Recognise the new Airline Pilot License MULTI-CREW PILOTS LICENCE (MPL) after 60 years of almost no change WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 92 MPL concentrates best practice Despite controversy, MPL is: the result of 6 years of industry development to replace an outdated 60 year-old airline training process initially very well received: after the Alteon Beta trial (small sample, but impressive base training results) an ICAO approved programme and license a set of powerful airline pilot training tools, demanding new standards in the airline pilot training process Just what the training industry needs: relevance + focus + quality > WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 93 National MPL regulations are now in place in: Armenia, Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Ghana, Latvia, Maldives, Netherlands, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, UAE, United Kingdom, Hong Kong (22) MPL is now under development, trail, or use in: Australia, China, Denmark, Germany, Philippines, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Hong Kong… (10) By operators: Former Alteon-Boeing Flight Training-CAAC, CAAC-CAFUC, CAPASterling, Lufthansa, Swiss, OAA-Flybe, FTE-Flybe, CAE-Air Asia, Kaufer-Air Berlin, SATA-Tiger Airways, L.U.S.A.-City Airline & Skyways, Alpha Aviation, and proposed Pegasus Flight Academy China (13) Source: IATA WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 94 MPL under TRIAL – some challenges Prior to the next growth surge, self funded pilot applicants prefer the old CPL route to ensure a job on graduation MPL beta syllabus: variations in structure and spread: Some orgs still apply twins and jets to the MPL syllabus, distracting students with up to three non-airline types Many orgs still apply old pre-ICAO 9625 FSTD categories Some orgs conduct MPL in three separate global locations Aircraft flight training spread: 80 - 130 hours Simulator flight training spread: 155 - 292 hours Course duration spread: 14 - 36 mths But as the superior performance of MPL graduates is more widely seen, operators will eventually demand MPL Data Source IATA & Tng Orgs WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 95 MPL STATUS MARCH 2010: GRADUATED: 77 STUDENTS IN TRAINING: 800 Data Source: IATA & EASA MPL Advisory Board 16/17.3.10 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 96 Training Comparison: 300 275 Multi-Crew Pilot License (290 hrs- proposal) 250 210 201.5 JAR ATPL(A) Standard Integrated Course incl. T/R Hours 200 150 90.5 100 111 120 65 56 50 0 Instruction Time Flight A/C FSTD Instruction FSTD type 1v & V11 Instruction Source: IATA Kind of Training MPL delivers more instructional hours than CPL WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 97 MPL THROWS OUT SPECIAL CHALLENGES: UPSET RECOVERY TRAINING (URT): Actual flight in training aircraft + Simulator training Upset Recovery Training (URT) – still maturing [but WGs underway include the RAeS International Committee for Aviation Training in Extended Envelopes (ICATEE) to report next year] ATC simulation – maturing in Type VII FSTD (Flight Simulation Training Device) Instructor qualifications & training – higher standards WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 98 HONE THE INSTRUCTOR’S ART – THAT HUGELY FERTILE VARIABLE! Advanced training equipment + ineffective instruction = learning barrier Poor training equipment + effective instruction = learning catalyst MPL requires more appropriate (1) instructor training and (2) training devices More relevant instructor entry criteria + improved instructor training = essential for MPL, however challenging! WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 99 IMBIBE GOOD AIRMANSHIP (the consistent use of good judgment & well-developed skills (Kern 96) – STUDY EVENTS SOMETIMES PROCEDURES & CHECKLISTS MAY NOT BE ENOUGH: > Volcanic ash All Engines out - BA 9 - June 82 Lost Hydraulics - Sioux City United 232 July 89 > > Power loss & ditching - US Airways Flt 1549 Jan 09 Cathay A330 – both engines fluctuated - thrust stuck @ 70% N1 asymmetric - landed at 230kts - April 10 (subject to inquiry underway) > WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 100 TRAINING ENHANCEMENT SUMMARY: Enhanced Instructor training and oversight More LOFT (LINE ORIENTED FLIGHT TRAINING) training More task-focussed, competency-based, quality embedded programmes (as in MPL) Programmes designed for continuous improvement Driven by performance & SMS feedback Training devices designed to training task and learning phase (as in MPL, APT) Embedded human factors / threat & error management (TEM) (as in MPL) Mandated uniforms in simulator training – raising crew fidelity WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 101 UNIFORMS IN SIMULATION (an easy option; what’s the problem here?) Zero cost - all crews have uniforms! Matching crew fidelity with simulator fidelity Creating a more professional atmosphere in simulator training SO WHY THIS? Let’s just fix it! WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 102 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 103 THE BOTTOM LINE Long term the industry is highly exposed to ineffective training Airlines need to offer comfortable and safe air travel as a long term profitable business plan Resource flow must be maintained to the vital organs of a positive safety culture Effective crew training is an investment which protects safety margins for years to come Training must deliver efficient best practice, with relevance and continuous improvement WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 104 ONE LIGHT SWITCH FOUND! From the 2009 FAA safety call to action speech (Randy Babbitt): “That day is today” We must know more about pilot performance over a pilot’s entire career Good, effective training has to be at the top of our list We need to ensure we’re meeting and exceeding the standards The fundamentals of quality training are clear and direct One of the quickest ways to spread excellence is to cross-pollinate We need to share so that we’re all at the highest level possible We have some great opportunities to look at best practices ….. WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 105 Two Parting questions Are airline COOs & CFOs AWARE of Training as the critical safety priority to address today? Will budgetary maximums be ‘regulatory training minimums’ next financial year? WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 106 TRAINING & SAFETY ‘TAKE-AWAYS’ OPTIMISE BEST PRACTICE - minimise additional cost MEASURE to continuously improve EMBED MEASUREMENT into the training process, and instructor’s task EMBED TEM into all training thinking If QUANTITY shrinks, QUALITY must grow SAFETY GROWS FROM EFFECTIVE TRAINING WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 107 Thank You! WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 108 ENTER THE PROPOSED Pegasus Flight Academy Best practice safety-driven training founded on MPL in one location Aimed at higher training standards + expanded safety margins WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 109 WATS 10 ‘Training for Safety’ John Bent 110