Transcript Trademarks, Geographical Indications and Generics in cheeses Alexander Anton Attorney-at-Law German Dairy Association (MIV), Brussels [email protected].

Trademarks,
Geographical Indications
and Generics in cheeses
Alexander Anton
Attorney-at-Law
German Dairy Association (MIV), Brussels
[email protected]
Background
German Dairy Industry:
WIPO - 28 June 2005
120 daries (coops and private companies)
with 38.000 employees
processing the milk of 112.000 dairy farms
Alexander Anton
Background
Cheese production
8,3 Mio tons
WIPO - 28 June 2005
2,8 Mio tons
2,0 Mio tons
1,8 Mio tons
1,1 Mio tons
700.000 tons
550.000 tons
540.000 tons
200.000 tons
120.000 tons
th
ird
ex
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co ort
un
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ie
s
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ly
60.000 tons
to
Fr
an
ce
to
th
ex
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ie
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to
in
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EU
EU 25
th
tr
ird
ad
co
e
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s
120.000 tons
Alexander Anton
Background
PDO / PGI
55 %
share of cheese production
60%
WIPO - 28 June 2005
50%
40%
30%
?%
20 %
20%
< 0,5 %
10%
0%
EU 25
Germany
France
Italy
Alexander Anton
Imagine a world where you have
to call parmesan cheese „aged
hard cheese“ or where Dijon
mustard would have to be
marketed as „brown spicy
mustard.“
C. Manly Mopus • President/
CEO of Grocery Manufacturers of
America
„Protection of geographical names is a key to
promote quality products and to increase
transparency...
Feta cheese should not be an exception.
Marketing cheese as Feta when it is not produced
strictly according to its product specifications is
misleading to consumers.“
Franz Fischler • former EU Commissioner
WIPO - 28 June 2005
„We have no difficulty with protecting legitimate local names
for cheeses such as Roquefort or Gorgonzola. But at the
same time we must also recognize that some names – such
as Feta, Parmesan, Emmental and Cheddar – have long
been recognized as generic products by consumers around
the world. The right to continue to produce and market those
cheeses must be equally protected.“
Craig Norgate • CEO of New Zealand‘s Fonterra Cooperative
Group
Alexander Anton
International developments
 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial
Property, 1883
WIPO - 28 June 2005
 Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or
Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods, 1891
 Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of
Appellations of Origin and their International
Registration, 1958
 Stresa Convention for the Use of Appellations of
Origin and Denominations of Cheeses, 1951
 WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 1994
Alexander Anton
Stresa Convention 1951
WIPO - 28 June 2005
 Annex A
protection of the origin
 Annex B
protection of characteristics
= generic names
 “denominations of cheeses in Annex B
shall not be transferred to Annex A …”
Alexander Anton
Geographical Indication
(Terminology)
WIPO - 28 June 2005
A geographical indication is an indication
which identifies a good as originating in the
territory of a Member, or a region or locality
in that territory, where a given quality,
reputation or other characteristic of the good
is essentially attributable to its geographical
origin.
(TRIPS-Agreement)
Alexander Anton
Council Regulation (EEC)
No. 2081/92
(Scope: limited to certain agricultural products for which a link
between product or foodstuff characteristics and
geographical origin exists)
WIPO - 28 June 2005
Protected Designation of
Origin (PDO)
Protected Geographical
Indication (PGI)
Product must be
produced and
processed and
prepared
in geographical area
Product must be
produced or
processed or
prepared
in geographical area
Alexander Anton
PDO/PGI registration under Reg.
(EEC) No. 2081/92 (cheeses)
WIPO - 28 June 2005
Sweden
1
Ireland
1
Belgium
1
total 154
(2004)
2
Denmark
Netherlands
4
Germany
4
Austria
6
UK
11
Portugal
12
Spain
19
Greece
20
Italy
31
France
42
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Alexander Anton
45
PDO / PGI
share of cheese production
55 %
60%
WIPO - 28 June 2005
50%
40%
30%
?%
20 %
20%
< 0,5 %
10%
0%
EU 25
Germany
France
Italy
Alexander Anton
German GI cheeses
 Allgäuer Bergkäse
WIPO - 28 June 2005
 Allgäuer Emmentaler
 Altenburger Ziegenkäse
 Odenwälder
Frühstückskäse
Alexander Anton
Generic Cheeses
WIPO - 28 June 2005
Emmental, Cheddar,
Gouda, Edam,
Camembert, Brie,
Provolone, Mozzarella...
Feta (C-465/02),
Parmesan (C-132/05)
Alexander Anton
EU-25
WIPO - 28 June 2005
⑥
⑦
④
③
⑤
①
①
Parmesan 2008 ?
②
Feta 2007 ?
③
Olmützer 2010 ?
④
Münster 2019 ?
⑤
Emmental ?
⑥
Edam/Gouda ?
⑦
EU-Commission
Eu
②
nach S
1 bi
Alexander Anton
Court Cases
(European Court of Justice, Court of First Instance)
WIPO - 28 June 2005
 Feta
C-289/96 et. al. (1999)
C-465/02 & 466/02 et. al.
 Gorgonzola
C-87/97 (1999)
 Emmental
C-448/98 (2000)
 Parmesan
T-197/96
C-66/00 (2002)
C-132/05
 Grana Padano
C-469/00 (2003)
 Grana
T-291/03
Alexander Anton
Regulation (EEC) No. 2081/92
Generic names
WIPO - 28 June 2005
 Generic names may not be registered.
 Generic name means the name of an
agricultural product or foodstuff which,
although it relates to the place or the region
where this product or foodstuff was originally
produced or marketed, has become the
common name of an agricultural product or
a foodstuff.
Alexander Anton
WIPO - 28 June 2005
Alexander Anton
Regulation (EEC) No. 2081/92
List of generic names
WIPO - 28 June 2005
 In Reg. 2081/92 the Commission is asked
to draw up and publish a non-exhaustive,
indicative list of generic names before the
entry into force of this regulation
(July 24, 1993).
 Codex Alimentarius Standard: generic
names
 Stresa Convention of 1951
Alexander Anton
Convention/
Reg.
Stresa (1951)
Codexstandard
Reg. (EEC) 2081/92
Gorgonzola
Annex A
--
PDO
Asiago
Annex B
--
PDO
Fiore Sardo
Annex B
--
PDO
Fontina
Annex B
--
PDO
Camembert/Brie
Annex B
C-33 / C-34 (1973)
--
Emmental
Annex B
C-9 (1967)
--
Annex B
C-10 (1967)
(revocation 1997)
(?)
Annex B
C-2 (1966)
(revocation 1997)
PGI (21.6.96)
Danbo
Annex B
C-3 (1966)
--
Edam/Gouda
Annex B
C-4 / C-5 (1966)
--
Designation
WIPO - 28 June 2005
Gruyère
Danablu
Alexander Anton
Regulation (EEC) No. 2081/92
Statement by the Council and the Commission
WIPO - 28 June 2005
„(We) stress that this Regulation is not
intended to prevent the continued marketing
of products legally sold within the Community
on June 30, 1992, so long as they do not
conflict with the criteria relating to traditional
fair practice and actual likelihood for
confusion.“
Alexander Anton
WIPO - 28 June 2005
Alexander Anton
WIPO - 28 June 2005
Alexander Anton
Trademark, GI and Generic
WIPO - 28 June 2005
Logo Gruyere Switzerland.jpg
Alexander Anton
bilateral agreements CH / ...
(Emmental)
WIPO - 28 June 2005
CH – D
(1967)
generic name
CH – TCH
(1973)
PDO
CH – F
(1974)
generic name
CH – SPAIN
(1974)
generic name
CH – POR
(1977)
PDO
CH – HUN
(1979)
PDO
Alexander Anton