Transcript Bureau of Labor Statistics American Time Use Survey: Overview & Gender Analyses Diane Herz UNECE Statistical Commission Bureau of Labor Statistics Gender Statistics meeting United States Department.

Bureau of Labor Statistics
American Time Use Survey:
Overview & Gender Analyses
Diane Herz
UNECE Statistical Commission
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Gender Statistics meeting
United States Department of Labor
September 11-13, 2006
Bureau of Labor Statistics
ATUS Background
•
•
•
New survey on time use in U.S.
First federally administered, continuous U.S. time use survey
Produces nationally representative data by demographic characteristics
•
Why BLS conducts the survey
– non-market activities
– quality of life beyond income and earnings
– trends in work, including changes in location and timing
– additional source of work hours
– international comparisons
•
Gender analyses
– Not specifically designed for gender analyses, but rich in data
– Possible analyses reflect survey design
Bureau of Labor Statistics
ATUS Sample
• People in households that recently completed the national labor force
survey, the Current Population Survey (CPS)
• Nationally representative data by demographic characteristics
• Stratified by household characteristics
• Survey of individuals 15 and over
• Each person is pre-selected for a specific day
• Half are interviewed about a weekday, and half about a weekend day
Households
Individuals
Day of week
(stratified)
(randomly selected)
(assigned)
Bureau of Labor Statistics
ATUS Interview
• Explanatory letter, brochure sent in advance
• Computer-assisted telephone interviews
– (2,000/mo in 2003; 1,100/mo in 2004-05)
• One-time only interview
• No proxy responses
• Contents:
– Core: 24-hour time diary about yesterday
– Updates of demographic and labor force information
– Module information
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Survey Structure
Introduction
Household Roster &
Employment Status
Core Time diary
Summary Questions
Labor Force Updates
Modules
Paid Work
Child Care
Volunteering
Missed Days
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Household Roster
How is [NAME] related to you?
Bureau of Labor Statistics
ATUS
Diary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
ATUS diary data
Activity
Start
Stop
Location
Worked
8:10 am
11:45 pm
Workplace
Ate lunch
11:45 am
1:20 pm
Workplace
Worked
1:20 pm
4:45 pm
Workplace
Drove to grocery store
4:45 pm
5:52 pm
Car (Driver)
Shopped for groceries
5:52 pm
6:15 pm
Grocery store
•
•
•
•
•
How many hours per day do people work?
On which days?
At what times?
Where?
How do workers spend their non-work time?
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Post-diary Summary Questions
• To clearly and consistently identify work activities (which
activities were done as part of job)
• To measure childcare as a secondary activity
(during which
activities were children <13 “in your care”)
• To enable coders to distinguish volunteering for
organizations from care activities for individuals (which
activities were done for or through an organization)
• To identify types of activities the survey may be missing
because of the 24-hour design
Bureau of Labor Statistics
ATUS Coding
•
•
•
•
•
Each activities is assigned a 6-digit code
Each code represents 3 levels of detail (17, 105, 438)
Design enables analytical flexibility
Interviewers also perform activity coding
100% verification
Sample from ATUS lexicon
Bureau of Labor Statistics
ATUS Data Files
• Annual files are posted each summer with release of data
• Documentation provided
• Files are organized to avoid duplication. Files include:
– Activity file
– Individual file: demographics and CPS updates
– CPS data for matching (not updated in ATUS)
– Who was with you file
– Survey methods file
Bureau of Labor Statistics
ATUS Analyses
• Population estimates (e.g. time use of mothers)
• Participants (e.g. time spent working among those who worked on the
diary day)
• Time of Day (e.g when women employed part time work)
• Where activities were done (e.g. work at home)
• Who was in the room with or accompanied respondent during activities
(e.g. time with children)
• Start and stop times of activities
• International comparisons
• Time series
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Sample of existing gender analyses
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Intra-household allocation of time (husbands v. wives)
Trends in housework time by gender & task
Child care time—active care versus secondary
Input to national accounts (output, income, productivity)
Adult care giving time
Contribution of volunteer labor to nonprofit output
Injury and death valuation
Tradeoff analyses (e.g. work & leisure by presence of children)
Activities of non-working men and women
Bureau of Labor Statistics
ATUS Modules
• Questions on special topics, up to 5 minutes
• Currently food & eating module by USDA
– January 2006 - December 2007
– 9 questions on secondary eating, school meal programs, height
and weight, and income
• Other possibilities
– Eldercare
– Purchased child care services
– Well-being
– Tool use and appliance ownership
Bureau of Labor Statistics
A few descriptive statistics
From ATUS
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Analyzing ATUS: The “average day” does not
look like anyone’s typical day
Caring for
others
0.8 hour
Other
Eating and
drinking
3.1 hours
1.2 hours
Sleeping
8.6 hours
Household
activities
1.8 hours
Working
3.3 hours
Leisure
and sports
5.2 hours
Total= 24.0 hours
Universe: All persons 15 and over; all days of the week combined.
Annual averages, 2004
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Time use on an average work day for employed
persons ages 25 to 54 with children
Caring for
others
1.3 hours
Eating and
drinking
Other
2.5 hours
1.0 hour
Sleeping
7.5 hours
Household
activities
1.1 hour
Working
8.0 hours
Leisure
and sports
2.6 hours
Total= 24.0 hours
Universe: Employed persons ages 25 to 54 who worked on the diary day &
lived in households with children under 18; weekdays only
Annual averages, 2004
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Average sleep times per day, by age and sex
Hours
10.0
9.58
Men
Women
9.5
9.27
9.03
Average for population ages 15
and older: 8.54 hours
9.0
8.74
8.66
8.84
8.77
8.47
8.5
8.3
8.18
8.24
8.33
8.23
8.02
8.0
7.5
7.0
15-19 years
20-24 years
Universe: All persons 15 and over;
all days of the week combined.
25-34 years
35-44 years
45-54 years
55-64 years
65+ years
Annual averages, 2003
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Adult women with children under age 6 spent the
most time providing primary childcare
Hours providing primary
childcare per day
Adult men
Adult women
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
2.73
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.21
1.0
1.00
0.52
0.5
0.0
In households with youngest child under 6
In households with children 6 to 17 years, none
younger
Universe: Adults 18 and over living in households with children under 18;
all days of the week combined.
Annual averages, 2004
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Both men and women spent many more hours
providing secondary care than primary care
Hours providing secondary
childcare per day
Adult men
Adult women
10.0
9.0
8.0
6.53
7.0
5.55
6.0
5.0
4.34
3.94
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
In households with youngest child under 6
In households with children 6 to 12 years, none
younger
Universe: Adults 18 and over living in households with children under 13;
all days of the week combined.
Annual averages, 2004
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Women spend more time per day than men doing
housework, care activities, and purchasing activities
Men
Average hours
per day
Women
3.0
2.5
2.25
2.0
1.5
1.32
0.96
1.0
0.76
0.65
0.35
0.5
0.0
Household activities
Universe: All persons 15 and over;
all days of the week combined.
Caring for and helping household Purchasing goods and services
members
Annual averages, 2004
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Two-thirds of women report preparing food and
half report doing housework on an average day
Proportion doing
activity on average day
Men
Women
80.0
66.3
70.0
60.0
54.3
50.0
40.0
35
30.0
20.0
19.5
19.2
11.4
10.0
13.6
8.6
0.0
Housework
Universe: All persons 15 and over;
all days of the week combined.
Food preparation and
cleanup
Lawn and garden care
Household management
Annual averages, 2004
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Weekday activity profiles of married full-time workers
ages 25 to 54 who lived in households with children
under 18 and worked on the diary day: Men and Women
Men
Average hours
per day
Women
10.0
8.54
9.0
8.0
8.01
7.39 7.39
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
2.76
3.0
2.0
0.87
1.0
1.31
2.28
1.42
0.77
0.0
Sleeping
Working
Caring for and
helping household
members
Household
activities
Leisure and sports
Annual averages, 2004
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Weekday activity profiles of married women ages
25 to 54 in households with children under 6:
Employed full time vs. Not employed
Employed full time
Average hours
per day
10.0
8.38
9.0
8.0
Not employed
7.57
6.85
7.0
6.0
5.0
3.96
3.84
4.0
3.0
3.82
2.35
2.27
1.49
2.0
1.0
0.00
0.0
Sleeping
Working
Caring for and
helping household
members
Household
activities
Leisure and sports
Annual averages, 2004
Bureau of Labor Statistics
About half of leisure time is spent watching TV
Other leisure
activities
(22 minutes)
Playing games;
using computer for leisure
(20 minutes)
Relaxing and thinking
(17 minutes)
Watching TV
(2.6 hours)
Sports, exercise,
recreation
(20 minutes)
Reading
(23 minutes)
Universe: All persons 15 and over;
all days of the week combined.
.
Total=
5.1 hours
Socializing and
Communicating
(37 minutes)
Annual averages, 2004
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Percent of employed persons doing selected
activities on workdays by hour of the day
Percent
100
Sleeping
Purchasing goods and services
Leisure and sports
90
Household activities
Working and work-related activities
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
4-5 am
7-8 am
10-11 am
1-2 pm
4-5 pm
7-8 pm
Universe: Employed persons 15 and over who worked on the diary day
10-11 pm
1-2 am
Annual averages, 2004
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Percent of “available time” that older
Americans spent with others, 2003 and 2004
Men
Women
5559
6064
6569
70+
5559
6064
6569
70+
Alone
49
49
48
50
47
48
51
59
With Spouse
36
37
42
39
29
31
31
22
With Family
42
42
46
43
44
44
41
33
With Children
8
6
5
3
11
10
7
4
With Friends
4
5
4
5
5
6
6
5
Note: For the social contact data, “available time” excludes time spent
working, sleeping, grooming, and doing personal activities.
Bureau of Labor Statistics
ATUS Contact Information
• Program Manager: Tina Shelley
• Website: www.bls.gov/tus/
– Data files & Documentation
– Publications
– Links to harmonized data set for US, MTUS database
• Program voice line: (01) 202-691-6339
• E-Mail: [email protected]
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Other slides that may be of
interest
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Research using ATUS data on work:
• What Do Male Nonworkers Do? Evidence from the
American Time Use Survey* (Frazis & Stewart)
• Shift Work and Participation in Social, Recreational, or
Exercise Activities* (Polivka)
• What Can Time-Use Data Tell Us About Hours of Work?
(Frazis & Stewart) Dec 2004 Monthly Labor Review
• The Time and Timing Costs of Market Work, and their
Implications for Retirement (Hamermesh) http://www.iza.org/
*Available at: http://www.atususers.umd.edu/papers/atusconference/authors/
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Research on nonmarket activities
using ATUS data:
• The Chore Wars: Household Bargaining and Leisure Time*
(Friedberg & Webb)
• Accounting for Nonmarket Production: A Prototype Satellite Account
Using the American Time Use Survey* (Landefeld, Fraumeni, &
Vojtech)
• Time to Eat: Household Production Under Increasing Income
Inequality* (Hamermesh)
• How Does Household Production Affect Earnings Inequality?
Evidence from the ATUS (Frazis & Stewart) BLS working paper #393
*Available at: http://www.atususers.umd.edu/papers/atusconference/authors/
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Research using ATUS data on care
activities includes:
• The Effects of Schooling on Parental Time in Education
Production* (DeSimone)
• Fathers’ Time Investments in Children: Do Sons Get
More?* (Mammen)
• Maternal Employment and Family Caregiving: Rethinking
Time With Children in the ATUS* (Bianchi)
• The Gender Gap in Caregiving to Adults* (Mathiowetz &
Oliker)
*Available at: http://www.atususers.umd.edu/papers/atusconference/authors/
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Other research
Non-BLS:
• Nonresponse in the American Time Use Survey: Who is Missing
From the Data and How Much Does it Matter?* (Abraham, Maitland,
& Bianchi)
• Measurement of Travel Behavior in a Trip-based Survey Versus a
Time Use Survey* (Bose & Sharp)
• Time Use for Sleeping in Relation to Waking Activities* (Dinges)
BLS:
• How Does Employment Affect the Timing of Time with Children?
(Allard, Bianchi, & Stewart)
• What Do Older Americans Do? (Krantz-Kent & Stewart)
• Time Use as a Way of Examining Contexts of Adolescent
Development in the United States (Vernon)
*Available at: http://www.atususers.umd.edu/papers/atusconference/authors/
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Research using ATUS data on
leisure activities includes:
• Here Comes the Rain Again: Weather and the
Intertemporal Substitution of Leisure* (Connolly)
• Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time
Over Five Decades (Aguiar & Hurst)
*Available at: http://www.atususers.umd.edu/papers/atusconference/authors/
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Summary questions: Work
Some activities were work but weren’t identified as such in the diary:
Others were income-generating activities other than for one’s job
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Summary questions: Secondary child
care
•Calculate duration of time respondent had child(ren) under 13 in his
or her care while doing other things.
Consistency rules:
•Respondent cannot be sleeping and providing care.
•Respondent cannot be providing primary and secondary care at the
same time (no double-counting).
•Care must be done in the window between when first child under
13 got up and last child under 13 went to bed.
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Summary questions: Volunteering
• Added to enable coders to distinguish volunteering for
organizations from care activities for individuals
• Used CPS definition of volunteering
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Summary questions: Missed Days
Concern: 24-hour protocol means ATUS misses activities done on trips
of 2 or more nights.
Knowing how many trips and what type provides a general idea what we
are missing.
Bureau of Labor Statistics
ATUS Basics: Response rates
Final Response Rates by Sample Month
62.0%
60.0%
Final Response Rates
58.0%
56.0%
2003
54.0%
2004
2005
52.0%
50.0%
48.0%
46.0%
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec