Transcript Innovation, Technology Transfer and STI Cooperation to address Global Challenges 17 March 2011 Mario Cervantes OECD.

Innovation, Technology
Transfer and STI Cooperation to address
Global Challenges
17 March 2011
Mario Cervantes OECD
Outline
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Role of innovation in economic growth
Globalisation of R&D and innovation
Knowledge Markets
STI c0-operation for global challenges
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Innovation is key to growth...
Contributions to labour productivity growth, 1995-2006, in %
6
5
Intangible capital
MFP
Non-ICT capital
ICT capital
Tangible capital
Labour quality
4
3
2
1
0
-1
* Investment in intangibles and multi-factor productivity growth account
for between two-thirds and three-quarters of labour productivity growth.
3
• …constitutes the major gap in GDP
between OECD and emerging economies.
Decomposition of cross-country differences in GDP per capita into their determinants, 2005
(United States = 100)
GDP PPP per capita
TFP
United States
Canada
Japan
China
India
Brazil
Russian Federation
100.0
83.5
72.6
9.8
5.2
20.5
28.6
100.0
72.0
52.6
13.6
12.7
29.3
31.5
100.0
103.3
100.4
57.3
47.7
70.1
84.9
100.0
105.8
130.7
105.2
98.3
103.1
97.4
100.0
106.0
105.1
119.5
87.1
96.8
99.3
EU27 + EFTA
64.7
67.8
91.2
114.1
91.3
Total World
22.8
27.9
64.2
104.2
95.8
Source: OECD.
Human capital Physical capital
Employment
… and can help address global
challenges such as climate change
Potential technological contributions to CO2 emission reductions
70
CCS industry and transformation (9%)
Baseline emissions 62 Gt
Emissions (Gt CO2)
60
CCS power generation (10%)
Nuclear (6%)
50
Renewables (21%)
40
Power generation efficiency
and fuel switching (7%)
30
End use fuel switching (11%)
20
End use electricity efficiency (12%)
BLUE Map emissions 14 Gt
End use fuel efficiency (24%)
10
0
2005
WEO 2007 450 ppm case
2010
2015
2020
ETP2008 analysis
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Note: WEO refers to the IEA’s 2007 World Energy Outlook.
Source: International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives 2008: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050.
Policy can induce greater innovation
Patenting in climate mitigation technologies relative to all sectors
(indexed on 1980=1.0, Annex 1 ratification countries)
6
New global players have emerged …
Contributions to growth in global R&D, 1996-2001 and 2001-2006
(in billion constant US PPP and %)
180
160
12%
140
11%
120
10%
100
80
7%
23%
60
40
37%
20
13%
Other non-OECD (2)
30%
Other OECD (1)
13%
Japan
13%
EU-27
15%
United States
16%
0
1996-2001
China
2001-2006
Note: (1) Australia, Canada, Iceland, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway and Turkey
(2) Argentina, Brazil, India, Israel, Russian Federation, Singapore, South Africa, Chinese Taipei
Source: OECD.
R&D funding from abroad is important
• About 10% of total R&D funding in EU27 in 2006
• Over 20% in Austria and the UK
• 2/3 is intra-company funding
In some OECD countries, foreign
affiliates carry out more R&D than at
home
Rising international technology
transfers
Technological receipts and payments ,1996-2006
• EU15 transformed its technological deficit into a surplus
• Japan increased its surplus by 6 times
But knowledge and technology are
unevenly distributed…
Patenting rises ; increasing opportunities
for technology transfer and exchange
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Connecting to Global Research
International cooperation
mostly within OECD countries
and among those with linked
value chains or close proximity
• 15% of patents filled in OECD
countries are invented abroad
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Small countries rely more on
foreign sources
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EU rely mainly on EU
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Japan and Korea on the US
Foreign students within the OECD area have doubled over
• International mobility of doctoral
students up significantly in NewZealand, Canada, Norway and in
Spain.
• International doctoral students
are between 25% and 40% in
Canada, France, Belgium,
Australia and the United States.
Firms today no longer innovate in
isolation …
Then: Closed Innovation
Now: “Open“ Innovation
 Approach: “not invented here”
 Approach: “proudly found elsewhere”
 Innovation:
• Strategy independent of
overall business strategy
• Performed in-house
• Internal pool of innovators
 Innovation:
• Business strategy drives targets
• Technology developed
cooperatively or acquired
• Work with many innovators and
users/consumers
• Leverage own IP
 Outputs:
• Incorporated in firm’s
products and services.
• Product revenues finance
next cycles of in-house R&D
 Outputs:
• Both internalized and
externalized (licensing, spin-offs,
venturing)
… but collaborate on innovation
internationally
Co-operation in science is increasing: coauthored S&T articles (whole count), 1997 and
2007
1997
2007
In sum….
• Deepening of the internationalisation of research
• Deepening of R&D globalisation, but appears more
sensitive to asynchronous business cycles and
shocks
• FDI and trade are important channels but their role
in the creation of spillovers remains unclear
• Mobility of human resources is major channel.
• Clustering/regional proximity matter
• Open innovation and open science are increasing
• Role of absorptive capacity in capturing spill overs
from trade and technology transfer, but how to
support it?
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One solution: Developing collaborative
knowledge markets…
Knowledge markets encompass a number of
different mechanisms, or marketplaces, where
buyers and sellers trade a variety of knowledge
intensive goods and services.
• E.g.: IP exchanges, patent pools, networking,
matching or brokering services
But also need for STI co-operation:
a priority for OECD
• High-Level Oslo Meeting (03 2008) of the
Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy
(CSTP)
– to address global challenges multilateral STI
cooperation is needed
– existing policies and frameworks may not be
sufficient to meet requirements
– delegates recognized
• the need to consider policies and rules affecting
multilateral STI cooperation
• the possibility that new or improved mechanisms are
needed
Importance of STI for
addressing global challenges
• G8+7 Science and Technology Ministerial
Meeting 15 June 2008 G8 countries and
Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Philippines,
Republic of Korea and South Africa
– emphasis on the important role that science,
technology and innovation have to play in
understanding global challenges facing our
society and in developing appropriate solutions
to those challenges
Rationale for International
cooperation in S&T for green growth
• The global nature of the key challenges facing
the mankind…
• An emerging political consensus: Addressing
global challenges (GCs) requires collective
actions…
• S&T and innovation must make an important
contribution to addressing key global
challenges…
Rationales for international
cooperation in S&T for green growth
• Lack of existing framework for multilateral
cooperation (MC) in STI,
• meanwhile emerging new approaches, players and
initiatives needing government support
• Uneven distribution of R&D resource and capacity
and gaps between technology supply and needs
Objective of the work
• identify principles and best practices for
multilateral cooperation in STI
• Enhance the effectiveness of multilateral
STI to address global challenges such as
– climate change
– global health
– food security and agriculture
– energy security
Principles and best practices for…
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Outreach, Agenda and Priority Setting
Funding and Spending Arrangements
Institutional and Access Arrangements
Putting Opportunities into Practice; translating
science into innovative solutions
• Technology transfer and capacity building
Approach
• Case studies in meeting global challenges –
successes and failures:
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IPCC; CGIAR; GEO; EDCTP; GF AIDS, TB, Malaria; others…
Good practice in governance
Measurement of expenditure
Complement with analysis bilateral co-operation
Complete case studies work in 2010; Principles by
2012.
• Steering Group - Australia, Austria, France,
Germany, Korea, Norway, Spain, Turkey, UK,US,
EU: Chile, China, Israel and South Africa
But we need some of the other big
players involved…..so come join.
[email protected]