Transcript TRAVERSES FROM PATRIOT HILLS TO SOUTH POLE: CHILEAN (BRAZILIAN) CONTRIBUTION TO ITASE Centro de Estudios Científicos Valdivia Glaciology and Climate Change Gino Casassa*, Andrés Rivera*.#,

TRAVERSES FROM PATRIOT HILLS TO SOUTH POLE:
CHILEAN (BRAZILIAN) CONTRIBUTION TO ITASE
Centro de Estudios Científicos
Valdivia
Glaciology and Climate Change
Gino Casassa*, Andrés Rivera*.#, Francisca Bown*, Rodrigo Zamora*, Guisella Gacitúa*,
Masiel Cerón# (*CECS, #Universidad de Chile)
Jefferson Simoes, UFRGDS, Brazil
Nov/Dec 2004
Patriot Hills
VEHICLE: BERCO TL-6 CREW CAB, SWEDEN
COST: ~ USD 750,000
CONVOY LENGTH: 32 m
VEHICLE LENGTH & WEIGHT: 8 m – 6.6 ton
CONVOY PAYLOAD: 20 ton
ENGINE: CUMMINS EURO III B 5.9 ECHO 250 HP
FUEL: DIESEL-JA1
FUEL COMPT.: 0.2-0.4 km/l (2.5-5.0 l/km)
MAXIMUM ROAD SPEED: 40 km/h
MAX SPEED OVER SNOW WITH LOAD: 14 km/h
MAX. SPEED OVER DEEP SNOW (>2000 m a.s.l.): 8 km/h
2004/2005
• VHF chirp radar at 150 MHz from P.Hills to
S.Pole (U. Kansas radar)
• 400 MHz GPR from S.Pole to Patriot Hills
• kinematic GPS for surface positioning
• deployment of stakes every ~20 km measured
by static GPS for velocity & accumulation
• shallow firn coring (~46 m depth) at 7 sites every
2° latitude
• surface snow samples every ~10 km for
chemical analysis
• Surface snow density
• gravity measurements every ~20 km for
determination of crustal structure, associated
isostatic conditions and geoid determination
• Geodetic reference point on rock south of Thiel
Mountains
STATISTICS
P. HILLS-S.POLE: 1145 km, 18 days
S.POLE STAY: 8 days (repairs, refueling, firn drilling)
S.POLE-P.HILLS: 1266 km, 23 days (including 130 km to Thiel Mts.)
1145 km of radar ice depth data (~1,000 ~ 3,000 m depth)
1145 km of shallow (~ 60 m) radar snow stratigraphy data
1145 km x 2 = 2290 km of precise GPS data
Short-term ice velocity on 54 stakes every 20 km along the route
Precise gravity data every 10 km along the route
Surface (top 1.2 m) snow density data every 20 km along the route
105 surface snow samples (every 10 km along the route)
225 m of firn density cores at 7 sites along the route
GPS measurements of 1 geodetic rock point at Lewis Nunatak, Thiel Mts.
GPS measurements of 10 geodetic rock points at P.Hills
GPS re-measurements at 165 snow/ice sites at P.Hills within a radius of 30 km
Meteorological measurements at P.Hills every 3 h
Firn cores recovered in December 2004
Core
Location
Altitude Depth
(m a.s.l.)
Drilling
period
10 m temp
(°C)
IC1
89°58’27.7”S 2833 m
28°09’53.9”W
30.81 m
03–
06/12/2004
-49±0.5
T1
89°07’33.1”S 2774 m
83°04’20.2”W
4.04 m
10/11/2004
---------
IC2
88°01’21.3”S 2621 m
82°04’21.7”W
42.92 m
11–
13/12/2004
-45±0.5
IC3
85°59’57.3”S 1621 m
81°35’06.3”W
46.31 m
16–
18/12/2004
-36±0.5
IC4
83°58’59.4”S 1295 m
80°07’01.4”W
22.20 m
21–
22/12/2004
-33±0.5
IC5
82°30’30.8”S 950 m
79°28’02.7”W
42.51 m
24–
26/12/2004
-29±0.5
IC6
81°03’10.1”S
79°50’09.1W
36.06 m
28–
30/12/2004
-27±0.5
750 m
ONGOING ANALYSIS OF 2004 CORES
MAINE (Paul Mayewski et al.)
Maine: Stables isotopes, ionic chromatography, traces by
ICP-MS.
BRAZIL (Jefferson Simoes et al.)
Microparticle analysis (Porto Alegre)
Tritium
DNA traces
CHILE (Masiel Cerón - Ph.D. Chemistry Student – University
of Chile) - Prof. Andrés Rivera – CECS)
Analysis of dioxines and total arsenic of Ice Cores 5 and 6
acquired by PSI Switzerland in 2004 and an ice core record
from Cerro Mercedario (central Andes, 30°S, 6100 m)
Dec 2007Jan 2008
Etapas de esta expedición
2007/2008
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
VHF chirp radar at 150 MHz (ULUR radar, Ulloa et al., 2008)
400 MHz GPR from Patriot Hills to South Pole
kinematic GPS for surface positioning
deployment of stakes every ~20 km measured by static GPS for
velocity & accumulation
shallow firn coring (~20 m depth) at 2 sites ~220 km apart
surface snow samples every ~40 km for biological analyses & every
20 km for chemical analysis
gravity measurements every ~20 km for determination of crustal
structure, associated isostatic conditions and geoid determination
determination of surface roughness, its relation with local patterns of
snow accumulation and correlation with satellite imagery texture
Algunos resultados preliminares en la ruta al Polo
sur…
53 balizas instaladas en la expedición 2004…
…19 balizas encontradas en la expedición 2007
Balizas encontradas de la expedición pasada
Valores de acumulación (mm/año agua eq) calculados
entre los 84° y los 90°S
Este método: 115
mm/año eq ag
Radar GPR: 120
mm/año eq ag
Promedio acumulación anual:
84 mm año eq agua
3000
100
1500
60
1000
20
500
3
2
B5
1
B5
B5
0
B5
9
B4
8
6
B4
5
B4
4
B4
B4
3
B4
9
B3
8
7
B3
6
B3
B3
5
B3
9
B2
7
B2
B2
6
-20
0
0
B2
Altura superficial (m)
2000
Balance de masa
(mm/año eq agua)
140
2500
Estimaciones de acumulación (mm/año agua
eq) a lo largo de toda la ruta P.Hills-Polo Sur
150
>120 mm/yr w eq.
130
2500
altitude (m)
110
2000
90
1500
70
~80 mm yr w eq
50
1000
30
500
10
0
-10
80
82
84
86
latitude
88
90
mass balance in mm/yr
of w eq.
3000
Biological analyses
of snow/ice cores
Pamela
Santibañez
BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
TEMPERATE GLACIERS
•Melt and percolation (e.g. Schwikowski
et al., 1999; Eichler et al., 2001)
• Previous studies
• Yala glacier in the Nepal
Himalayas (Yoshimura et al.,
2000). Ice core dating with
microalgae.
• Tyndall glacier in the Southern
Patagonia
Icefield,
Chile
(Shiraiwa et al., 2002; Kohshima
et al., 2007). Dating and
estimation of past mass balance.
• Sofiyskiy Glacier in the Russian
Altai (Uetake et al., 2006). Dating
and estimation of past mass
balance with microalgae and
pollen.
• Mocho-Choshuenco
volcano
and Osorno volcano in the
Chilean lake district (Santibañez
et al., in press) Dating and
estimation of past mass balance
with microalgae, pollen and
protozoa (testate amoebae)
Winter - Spring
Autumn - Winter
Spring - Summer
snowfall
Dust, microalgae and other material
are transported to the glacier surface by wind
Light
Light decrease
Accumulation
Ablation
Algal layer is
incorporated
inside
the glacier
Formation of
algal layers
Melting
Temperature increase
Freezing
Temperature decrease
Chlamydomonas nivalis, Chloromonas sp
microalgae genre/species
reino – phylum (division) clase - orden - familiagenero y especie
BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
• Sample analysis
• Laminar flow table
• Hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE) membrane filters
(JHWP1300: 0.2 mm pore size, 13 mm
diameter; Millipore, USA).
• Each filter mounted and fixed in glycerol,
formalin and water solution (volume 1:1:1)
• Counts of microorganisms and pollen grains
• Fluorescent microscope
(OLYMPUS BX-FLA).
• Scanning electron microscope (SEM),
UACH.
• Technique developed by Yoshimura et al.
(1997, 2000)
• Microalgae and pollen measured with
resolution of 4-6 cm
• Filtering of 30 ml each sample (25-50 ml)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
FIRST RESULTS SAN VALENTIN
BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Podocarpaceae = mañío, lleuque
Algalbiovolume
Biovolume
Algal
2 mm3 mL-1)
(x10
(x10 mm mL)
0
10
20
30
Podocarpaceae
Podocarpaceae
(grains
(GrainsL)L-1)
40
0
0
0,2
0,2
0,4
0,4
0,6
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
0,8
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
0
100
200
300
Autumn 2007
Autumn 2007
accumulation
63 cm of snow
Summer 2006/07
1
1,2
Summer 2005/06
1,4
1,4
1,6
1,6
1,8
1,8
2
2
Net mass balance
2006-2007
(early autumn 2006 to
early autumn 2007)
53.7 cm of snow.
Low for Patagonia, but
same order of
magnitude as Vimeux
et al., in press
Winter accumulation
>53 cm of snow
Initial evidence of non Podocarpaceae pollen
FIRST RESULTS
BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Microalgae growth in snow and ice during
melt season
Division Chlorophyta algae = green algae
MORPHOTYPES
E
C
D
C
J
10 mm
C: flagellate (movement stage)
U
FIRST RESULTS
BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
POLLEN
Family Podocarpaceae is the most abundant pollen in the first 2 m of the core
10 m m
Clear field (white light) photograph