Transcript Intro. to Animals Ch 32-34 11/7/2015 Characteristics of animals • • • • • multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes No cell wall Dominant generation is diploid Most are motile for some of their.

Intro. to Animals
Ch 32-34
11/7/2015
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Characteristics of animals
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multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes
No cell wall
Dominant generation is diploid
Most are motile for some of their life
Also… have embryonic development that forms
layers of tissues
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Embryonic development
• 1) Zygote forms and starts cleavage= mitosis of the cell
• 2) blastula is formed (a hollow ball)
– inside cells are called the blastocoel
• 3) Gastrulation occurs in which the tissues start to
differentiate – gastrula is formed
• Then further development occurs (stem cells)
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Characteristics
and Phylogeny
1) tissue complexity - parazoans
– no “true tissues”, when
tissues formed = eumetazoa
2) body symmetry
• radial = have a top/bottom,
no sides/back
• bilateral= 2 sides, cut in
“identical halves”, top =
dorsal, bottom = ventral, front
= anterior, back = posterior
• cephalization =
concentration of senses
toward the anterior
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3) body cavity = fluid lined space,
separates digestive system from
the rest of the body
• acoelomates – no cavity, solid
body
• pseudocoelomate = not
completely lined cavity
• coelomates = true coelom =
tissue lined cavity from
mesoderm
4) cleavage - early cell divisions of
the zygote
• protostome – spiral,
determinate, first infold forms
the mouth
• deuterostome – radial,
indeterminate, first infold makes
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5 Points of Agreement, p.662
• 1) All animals share a common ancestor
• 2) Sponges are basal animals
• 3) Eumetazoa is an animal clade with true tissues
• 4) Most animals showcase bilateral symmetry
• 5) Chordates and other phyla are deuterostomes
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Grandmax ?
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Invertebrates
(ch 33)
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(beetles; 350,000 species)
The titan beetle of the Amazon
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Inverts are diverse
and account for
95% of all animals
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Invertebrates
Parazoa – closest to protist, non-eumetazoa
• 1/1) Phylum “Porifera”marine, filter feeders, uses
pores (spongocoel) and
large opening (osculum),
lack true tissues,
unorganized cells,
immobile, hermaphrodites,
ex. sponge
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Radiata – true tissues, radial symmetry
1/2) Phylum Cnidaria - marine, sac with 1 opening for digestion
• 2 body forms
1) Medusa = umbrella-like body, dangling tentacles with
stinging threads = nematocysts video
2) Polyp = sessile, cylinder shaped, rising tentacle
2/2) Phylum Ctenophora – marine, cilia to move, ex. comb jelly
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Lophotrochozoans, non-deuterostomes
with either a crown of ciliated tentacles (lopho)
or a distinct larval stage (trocho)
1/6) Phylum Platyhelminthes – Acoelomates – bilateral
symmetry, no coelom, most marine, parasites parasite videos, some
have digestive "system", have nerve cords, 1 gut opening,
ex. Flatworms (planarians), tapeworms, flukes
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2/6) Phylum Rotifera – Psuedocoelomates –
fake coelom, bilateral, have jaws with cilia,
complete digestive track = alimentary canal,
first with 2 gut openings, ex. Rotifers
Other (less prominent) Lophotrochozoan phyla include:
Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Acanthocephala, Cyliophora
and Nemertea (proboscis worms); see pgs.667-668
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3/6) Phylum Mollusca –
Protostomes, Coelomates, bilateral
Most secrete a hard calcium carbonate shell b/c of soft body
• 3 parts:
• muscular foot (movement)
• visceral mass (organs)
• mantle (shell)
• ex. snails,
bivalves, slugs,
octopus, squid,
p677-678
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How many parts can you label?
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Figure 33.20
Mantle
Hinge area
Coelom
Gut
Heart
Digestive
gland
Adductor muscle
(one or two)
Anus
Mouth
Excurrent
siphon
Shell
Palp
Foot
Mantle
cavity
Gonad
Gill
Water
flow
Incurrent
siphon
Squid
Octopus
cephalopods
Chambered
nautilus
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4/6) Phylum Annelida – protostomes,
coelomates, segmented worms, some parasitic or
decomposers, brain like ganglia at the front,
pumping vessels for blood flow, hermaphrodites,
ex. leeches, earthworms
• Why is coelom and
segmentation important?
• cushion and
specialization;
hydrostatic skeleton
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The last two lophophores
• 5/6 Ectoprocta: The Bryozoa, also known as
Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals are a phylum of
aquatic invertebrate animals
• 6/6 brachiopods
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Ecdysozoans, secrete exoskeletons
1/2) Phylum Nematoda - roundworms,
unsegmented, pseudocoelomates, live in soil,
decomposers, periodically shed cuticle,
sexual repro., ex. C. elegans
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2/2) Phylum Arthropoda - segmented, jointed
appendages, exoskeleton of chitin, developed N.S, different
life cycles (metamorphosis- eggs, larvae, pupa, adult), open
circulatory system, heart, more complex gas exchange, most
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in numbers, ex. insects, spiders, crustaceans
Figure 33.32b
50 m
Dust mite
Figure 33.30
Cephalothorax
Antennae
(sensory
reception)
Abdomen
Thorax
Head
Swimming appendages (one pair per
abdominal segment
Pincer
(defense)
Mouthparts
(feeding)
Walking legs
Figure 33.37
(a) Larva (caterpillar)
(b) Pupa
(c) Later-stage
(d) Emerging
pupa
adult
(e) Adult
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Deuterostomes, “second mouth”
1/2) Phylum Chordata (non-invert, next chapter)
2/2) Phylum Echinodermata - radial, water vascular system,
tube feet that aid in movement, feeding and gas exchange,
marine, complete digestive track, ex. sea star, sea urchin
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Figure 33.42
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Invertebrate quick check…
Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda,
Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata
1. Which group includes snails, clams, and squid?
2. Which group is the sponges?
3. Which are the flatworms?
a. …segmented worms?
b. …roundworms?
4. Which group has jointed appendages & an
exoskeleton?
5. Which two groups have radial symmetry?
6. What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral
symmetry?
7. Which group has no symmetry?
Phylum
Chordata
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2) Phylum Chordata – bilateral, coelomates with
segmented bodies; includes 2 invertebrate groups →
lancelets, tunicates (closest invertebrate to human) and then
the vertebrates
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Common features
1) Notochord - dorsal flexible fluid filled rod, support, usually
replaced by bone during development
2) Dorsal hollow nerve cord - basis for nervous system,
brain/spine
3) Pharyngeal gill slits – can become gills for O2 exchange or
filter feeding
4) Muscular tail – postanal, muscles/bones for movement
- also have neural crest (specialization cells), cephalization,
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vert. column and closed circulatory system
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Phylogeny – p699
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Vertebrates
• More complex nervous system
• More elaborate skeleton (have bones that enclose
the spinal cord)
• Have the 4 common features at some point in
development, may disappear
• More efficient at
– Capturing food
– Avoiding being eaten
• ** p.704
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1) Class Myxini - jawless fishlike animals, no
appendages, in water, p.703, ex. Hagfish
2) Class Petromyzontida – p.704, ex. lampreys
3) Class Chondrichthyes – jaws , cartilaginous fish,
fins, gills, lay eggs (oviparous), or hatch in uterus
(ovoviparous), (humans are viviparous – nourish
in womb), p.706, ex. sharks, skates, rays
4) Class Osteichthyes - bony fish, most lay eggs,
gills, swim bladder (air sac= buoyancy), ex. tuna,
bass, trout, p.708 basic structure, ray-finned vs.
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lobe-finned
Figure 34.9
Hagfishes
Slime glands
Figure 34.10
Lampreys
Figure 34.11
Conodonts were the first vertebrates with mineralized
skeletal elements
Dental elements
(within
head)
Figure 34.13
Gill slits
Cranium
Mouth
Skeletal rods
Figure 34.15
Dorsal fins
Chondrichthyans
(Sharks, Rays, and Their Relatives)
Pectoral
Pelvic fins
fins
(a) Blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus)
(b) Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana)
(c) Spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei)
Figure 34.17
Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)
Red
lionfish
(Pterois
volitans)
Common
sea horse
(Hippocampus
ramulosus)
Fine-spotted moray eel
(Gymnothorax dovii)
5) Class Amphibia – “both ways
of life” appendages to walk
on land (tetrapods), aquatic
larval stage then terrestrial
adult, lay eggs (amniotic sac)
or live birth, respire via lungs
or skin, p.712, ex. frog,
salamander
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Amniotes
6) Class Reptilia- terrestrial, scaly skin, lungs, lay amniotic eggs
(protection) or live birth, exotherms (cold blooded), no
feathers, p.715, ex. snake, lizard, turtle
7) Class Aves - feathers on smaller forewings, fly, lungs,
endotherms (warm blooded), internal fertilization by lay
eggs, air sacs, good vision, p.718, ex. birds
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8) Class Mammalia - have hair, endotherms, 4 chambered
efficient heart, mammary glands, diaphragm, most give birth to
young, differentiated teeth, p.720, major orders
– Monotremes – lay eggs, ex. Platypus
– Marsupials – pouched birth, ex. Some moles, kangaroo
– Placentals (eutherians) – live birth, ex. Humans, dogs
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Figure 34.38
Monotremes
• Monotremes are a small group of egg-laying
mammals consisting of echidnas and the
platypus
Marsupials
• Marsupials include opossums, kangaroos, and
koalas
• The embryo develops within a placenta in the
mother’s uterus
• A marsupial is born very early in its development
• It completes its embryonic development while
nursing in a maternal pouch called a marsupium
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 34.39
(a) A young brushtail possum
(b) Long-nosed bandicoot
Figure 34.40
Convergent
evolution of
marsupials
and
eutherians
(placental
mammals).
Marsupial
mammals
Plantigale
Eutherian
mammals
Deer mouse
Mole
Marsupial mole
Sugar glider Flying
squirrel
Wombat
Tasmanian devil
Kangaroo
Woodchuck
Wolverine
Patagonian cavy
Figure 34.41b
Orders and Examples
Main Characteristics
Lay eggs; no nipples;
young suck milk from
fur of mother
Monotremata
Platypuses,
echidnas
Orders and Examples
Completes embryonic
development in pouch
on mother’s body
Marsupialia
Kangaroos,
opossums,
koalas
Echidna
Proboscidea
Elephants
Koala
Long, muscular trunk;
thick, loose skin; upper
incisors elongated
as tusks
Tubulidentata
Aardvarks
Teeth consisting of
many thin tubes
cemented together;
eats ants and termites
Aardvark
African elephant
Sirenia
Manatees,
dugongs
Aquatic; finlike forelimbs and no hind
limbs; herbivorous
Hyracoidea
Hyraxes
Manatee
Xenarthra
Sloths,
anteaters,
armadillos
Tamandua
Lagomorpha
Rabbits, hares,
picas
Jackrabbit
Carnivora
Dogs, wolves,
bears, cats,
weasels, otters,
seals, walruses
Rock hyrax
Short legs; stumpy
tail; herbivorous;
complex, multichambered stomach
Reduced teeth or no
teeth; herbivorous
(sloths) or carnivorous
(anteaters, armadillos)
Rodentia
Squirrels,
beavers, rats,
porcupines,
mice
Chisel-like incisors;
hind legs longer than
forelegs and adapted
for running and jumping;
herbivorous
Primates
Lemurs, monkeys,
chimpanzees,
gorillas,
Golden lion
humans
tamarin
Sharp, pointed canine
teeth and molars for
shearing; carnivorous
Perissodactyla
Hooves with an odd
Horses, zebras,
number of toes on
tapirs,
each foot; herbivorous
rhinoceroses
Indian rhinoceros
Hooves with an even
number of toes on each
foot; herbivorous
Chiroptera
Bats
Coyote
Cetartiodactyla
Artiodactyls
Sheep, pigs,
cattle, deer,
Bighorn sheep
giraffes
Cetaceans
Whales,
dolphins,
porpoises Pacific whitesided porpoise
Main Characteristics
Red squirrel
Frog-eating bat
Aquatic; streamlined body;
paddle-like fore-limbs and
no hind limbs; thick layer
of insulating blubber;
carnivorous
Eulipotyphla
“Core
insectivores”:
some moles,
some shrews
Chisel-like, continuously
growing incisors worn
down by gnawing;
herbivorous
Opposable thumbs;
forward-facing eyes;
well-developed cerebral
cortex; omnivorous
Adapted for flight;
broad skinfold that
extends from elongated
fingers to body and
legs; carnivorous or
herbivorous
Eat mainly insects
and other small
invertebrates
Star-nosed
mole
You share 1-4% of your
genes with Neanderthals,
if you are not of direct
African descent.
Explain.
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Evolution of Humans
• we are primates (order) and hominids
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Figure 34.43
Lemurs, lorises,
and bush babies
Tarsiers
ANCESTRAL
PRIMATE
Old World monkeys
Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
and bonobos
Humans
60
50
20
30
40
Time (millions of years ago)
10
0
Anthropoids
New World monkeys
Concept 34.8: Humans are mammals
that have a large brain and bipedal
locomotion
• The species Homo sapiens is about 200,000
years old, which is very young, considering that
life has existed on Earth for at least 3.5 billion
years
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Derived Characters of Humans
• A number of characters distinguish humans from
other apes
– Upright posture and bipedal locomotion
– Larger brains capable of language, symbolic
thought, artistic expression, the manufacture
and use of complex tools
– Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles
– Shorter digestive tract
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• The human and chimpanzee genomes are 99%
identical
• How can we be this close, yet so different?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Amniotes: amniotic egg, rib cage ventilation
Lobe-fins: muscular fins or limbs
Tetrapods: four limbs, neck, fused
pelvic girdle
Osteichthyans: bony skeleton
Gnathostomes: hinged jaws, four sets of Hox genes
Vertebrates: Dix genes duplication,
backbone of vertebrae
Craniates: two sets of Hox
genes, neural crest
Chordates: notochord; dorsal, hollow
nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; post-anal tail
Figure 34.UN10
Clade
Description
Cephalochordata
(lancelets)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that
exhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Urochordata
(tunicates)
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display the
derived traits of chordates
Myxini
(hagfishes and
relatives)
Jawless marine organisms; have head that includes
a skull and brain, eyes, and other sensory organs
Petromyzontida
(lampreys)
Jawless vertebrates; typically feed by attaching to a
live fish and ingesting its blood
Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays,
skates, ratfishes)
Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)
Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton,
a derived trait formed by the reduction of an
ancestral mineralized skeleton
Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and
maneuverable fins supported by rays
Actinistia
(coelacanths)
Dipnoi
(lungfishes)
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving
in Indian Ocean
Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills; sister
group of tetrapods
Amphibia
(salamanders,
frogs, caecilians)
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most
have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many
live both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults)
Reptilia
(tuataras, lizards
and snakes, turtles,
crocodilians, birds)
One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic
eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life
on land
Mammalia
(monotremes,
marsupials,
eutherians)
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying
monotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials
(such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians
(placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)
Animal Intro Review Quiz
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define
the split on the phylogenetic tree?
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Animal Intro Review Quiz
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define
the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?
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Animal Intro Review Quiz
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define
the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?
3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
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Animal Intro Review Quiz
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define
the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?
3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our
evolutionary lineage?
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Animal Intro Review Quiz
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define
the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?
3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our
evolutionary lineage?
5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the
protostomes?
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Animal Intro Review Quiz
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define
the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?
3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our
evolutionary lineage?
5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the
protostomes?
6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon?
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Animal Intro Review Quiz
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define
the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?
3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our
evolutionary lineage?
5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the
protostomes?
6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon?
7. Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not
considered eumetazoans?
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Animal Intro Review Quiz
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define
the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?
3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our
evolutionary lineage?
5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the
protostomes?
6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon?
7. Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not
considered eumetazoans?
8. Even though rotifers developed an alimentary canal, we did
not evolve from them? Therefore, alimentary canals are the
product of ______________ _________________.
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Animal Intro Review Quiz
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define
the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?
3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our
evolutionary lineage?
5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the
protostomes?
6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon?
7. Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not
considered eumetazoans?
8. Even though rotifers developed an alimentary canal, we did
not evolve from them? Therefore, alimentary canals are the
product of ______________ _________________.
9. To what are ganglia precursors?
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Animal Intro Review Quiz
1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define
the split on the phylogenetic tree?
2. What makes animals animals?
3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our
evolutionary lineage?
5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the
protostomes?
6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon?
7. Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not
considered eumetazoans?
8. Even though rotifers developed an alimentary canal, we did
not evolve from them.? Therefore, alimentary canals are
the product of ______________ _________________.
9. To what are ganglia precursors?
10.Name any three defining traits of clades within the phylum
Chordata.
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