0/57 Chapter 17 Inflation and Price Level 通貨膨脹與物價水準 國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良 1/57 學習目標 1. Explain how the Consumer Price Index is constructed and use it to calculate the.

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Transcript 0/57 Chapter 17 Inflation and Price Level 通貨膨脹與物價水準 國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良 1/57 學習目標 1. Explain how the Consumer Price Index is constructed and use it to calculate the.

0/57
Chapter 17
Inflation and Price Level
通貨膨脹與物價水準
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
1/57
學習目標
1. Explain how the Consumer Price Index is
constructed and use it to calculate the inflation rate
解釋CPI如何估計,用以計算通貨膨脹率
2. Show how the CPI is used eliminate the effects of
inflation in economic data
如何以CPI進行平減
4. Discuss the two most important biases in the CPI
CPI兩個主要的估計偏誤原因
5. Distinguish between inflation and relative price
changes to find the true cost of inflation
通貨膨脹與相對價格變動
6. Understand the connections among inflation, nominal
interest rates, and real interest rates
實質利率的算法
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
2/57
Cover story
 Prices of goods change over time
 Adjust values, incomes, or spending for change in prices
 Constant purchasing power
 Baseball salaries
 Babe Ruth earned $80,000 in 1930
 超過當時的 Hoover 總統
 Barry Bonds earned $10.3 million in 2001
 超過當時的 Bush 總統
 但是,哪一個情況比較好?誰的購買力比較高?
 Inflation increases uncertainty when planning for the
future 通貨膨脹帶來不確定性
 Consider costs of inflation 通貨膨脹的成本
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
3/57
台北排名44
生活費比
韓港星低
2011-08-18
中國時報 林上祚/
台北報導
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
4/57
Problems of Inflation
物價膨脹的問題
Makes comparisons of economic
conditions over time difficult
跨時比較的困難
Creates uncertainty about the future
How much should I save for retirement?
未來的不確定性增加
Imposes many costs on an economy
增加許多成本(例如鋼鐵價格、油價)
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
5/57
物價上漲衝擊九成三民眾生活
縮衣節食少娛樂
【中時電子報林淑玲/台北報導】2007.05.21
 民眾對於民生用品物價上漲,對生活的衝擊造成
「非常嚴重」的有三成,六成多民眾表示「有影響,
但可以接受」。
 若進一步觀察物價上漲對於食、衣、住、行、育、
樂六大基本民生生活必須項目,所造成的衝擊,46.5
%的受訪民眾表示最無法忍受食方面的上漲,是六
大項裡比例最高者。其次,則是行的部分,被36.5%
的民眾列為最無法忍受的上漲項目。至於衣、住、
育、樂,則僅分別有6.1%、6.3%、3.2%、1.5%的
民眾,認為是無法接受的漲價項目。顯示出,物價
上漲讓每日都得有支出開銷的食與行,對民眾荷包
壓力最大。
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
6/57
Measuring Inflation 衡量物價膨脹
 Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of changes
in prices
 Consumer Price Index, CPI消費者物價指數
 CPI measures
 The cost of a standard basket of goods and services in a
given year
 Relative to the cost of the same basket of goods and services
in the base year
 相同的一籃標準財貨之成本,目前相對於基期的水準
 The fixed year is called the base year基期
 Base year changes periodically
 It uses a constant basket of goods and services
 It is collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
 台灣的物價指數由行政院主計處三局三科製作 (見國
內商品行情表)
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
7/57
國內商品行情
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
8/57
95年基期消費者物價指數(CPI)
查價項目、權數及商品性質別 (請見Excel表)
95年基期消費者物價指數(CPI)查價項目、權數及商品性質別
查
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
價
項
目
總指數
一、 食物類
(一) 穀類及其製品
1. 米類及其製品
米
糯米
米粉、米苔目及粄條
其他米類及其製品(蘿蔔糕、湯圓、油飯等 )
2. 其他穀類及其製品
速食麵
麵條
吐司
其他麵包
蛋糕
麥片(粉)
糕餅點心
其他麵製品(麵粉、鬆餅粉、水餃皮等)
其他穀類及其製品(麵筋、花捲、水餃等)
(二) 肉類
1. 生鮮家畜
豬肉
排骨
牛肉
家畜內臟
權數(%)
100.00
26.08
1.97
0.52
0.35
0.02
0.05
0.11
1.45
0.08
0.09
0.13
0.30
0.23
0.05
0.22
0.32
0.04
2.31
1.48
0.90
0.27
0.21
0.06
商品性質別
[註1]
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
Table 17.1, 17.2, Calculating the CPI
2000 Spending
Monthly Cost in 2000
Rent (2 bedroom apartment)
$500
Hamburgers (60 at $2 each)
120
Movie tickets (10 at $6 each)
60
Monthly expenditures
2005 Spending
Rent (2 bedroom apartment)
$680
Monthly Cost in 2005
$630
Hamburgers (60 at $2.50 each)
150
Movie tickets (10 at $7 each)
Monthly expenditures
70
$850
相同的一籃財貨組合,不同年度的購買成本
這個算法和實質 GDP 有何異同
LO 17 - 1
17-9
Calculating the CPI 消費者物價指數的計算
 CPI is the ratio of the cost of the basket of goods in
current year to the cost in the base year
 Base year cost $680
 2005 cost $850
CPI = (850 / 680) (100) = 1.25
兩年度的一籃財貨成本相除,其比例變化就是物價變化率
 Cost of living in 2005 is 25% higher than in 2000
 CPI for the base year is always 1 基期都是100%
 CPI for a given period is the cost of living in that
period relative to what it was in the base year
 BEA uses CPI as a percentage – the ratio times 100
LO 17 - 1
17-10
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CPI消費者物價指數
CPI 
cost of base  year basket in current year
cost of base  year basket in base  year
Measures changes in prices of a typical
market basket標準的市場一籃物品
Is used to eliminate the effects of
inflation from economic data
CPI 可用來排除物價波動帶來的效果
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
12/57
Price Index 價格指數
 A price index measures the average price of a given
class of good or services relative to the price of the
same goods and services in a base year
 各種價格指數的概念都相同,皆是在相同的財貨組
成前提下,當期和基期購置成本的差異,以此計算
物價變動
 CPI measures the change in consumer prices
 Other indices
 Core inflation is CPI without energy and food 核心物價膨
脹率
 Producer price index 生產者物價指數
 Import / export price index 進出口物價指數
 Whole sale price index 躉售物價指數
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
Inflation rate 通貨膨脹率
 The rate of inflation is the
annual percentage change
in the price level
 物價指數的年度變動率
 Inflation in 2004
(1.889 – 1.840) / 1.840
= 0.027 = 2.7%
 Inflation in Great Depression
 Period of falling output
and prices, deflation
 Inflation rates are negative
 經濟蕭條,通貨緊縮
LO 17 - 1
Year
CPI
Inflation
2003
1.840
2004
1.889
2.7%
2005
1.953
3.4%
2006
2.016
3.2%
2007
2.073
2.8%
Year
CPI
Inflation
1929
0.171
1930
0.167
–2.3%
1931
0.152
–9.0%
1932
0.137
–9.9%
1933
0.130
–5.1%
17-13
14/57
Figure 17.1 美國的通貨膨脹率
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
15/57
台灣的物價膨脹率 (inflation rates)
CPI
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
19
60
19
63
19
66
19
69
19
72
19
75
19
78
19
81
19
84
19
87
19
90
19
93
19
96
19
99
20
02
20
05
0.00
-10.00
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
16/57
Adjusting for Inflation物價膨脹的調整
A nominal quantity is measured in terms of its
current dollar value名目數量是當期物價計算
A real quantity is measured in physical terms
實質數量是實體計算
To compare values over time, use real
quantities 要進行跨時比較,需要實質數量
Deflating a nominal quantity converts it to a real
quantity
Divide a nominal quantity by its price index to
express the quantity in real terms
名目數量透過物價指數平減,可得出實質數量
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
Table 17.3 Family Income in 2000 and 2005
 Can a family buy more with $20,000 in income in 2000 or
with $22,000 in 2005?
 2000 is the base year for the CPI, 基期
 Deflate nominal income in both years to get real income
平減名目成為實質
 Compare real income 比較實質所得的高低
 $20,000 in 2000 has the greater purchasing power
Year
Nominal Income
CPI
Real Income
2000
$20,000
1.00
$20,000/1.00 = $20,000
2005
$22,000
1.25
$22,000/1.25 = $17,600
LO 17 - 2
17-17
Page 495, Baseball Stars比較棒球明星實質所得
 Compare Babe Ruth's salary with Barry Bonds's
 Requires a CPI series that includes 1930
 CPI using 1982 – 1984 as base year 基期
 Bonds had higher real salary,是Bush 總統的25倍
 Does not convey information about relative incomes
 1930 was Great Depression
 Multi-million dollar salaries common for sports stars
in 2001
Player
Year
Nominal Salary
CPI
Real Salary
Babe Ruth
1930
$80,000
0.167
$479,042
Barry Bonds
2001
$10,300,000
1.780
$5,786,517
LO 17 - 2
17-18
Real Wages 實質工資
 Real wage is the purchasing power of worker‘s nominal
wages 實質工資是受雇員工名目工資的實質購買力
 The real wage for any given period is calculated by
dividing the nominal wage by the CPI for that period
 以CPI 平減名目工資,即為實質工資
 US production worker wages
 CPI uses 1982 – 1984 as base year
 Real wages were higher in 1970
Year
Average Wage
CPI
Real Average Wage
1970
$3.40
0.388
$3.40 / 0.388 = $8.76
2004
$15.68
1.889
$15.68 / 1.889 = $8.30
LO 17 - 2
17-19
20/57
Figure 17.2 Nominal and real wages
nominal wage
Real Wage 
CPI for that period
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
21/57
台灣男性實質工資 (2001=100)
表 1 受雇人員男性特性基本統計量
1995
2008
變數名稱
平均值
標準差
平均值
標準差
190.120
85.996
186.852
97.638
國中
0.226
0.418
0.162
0.368
高中
0.337
0.473
0.355
0.479
大專
0.140
0.347
0.165
0.371
大學
0.085
0.279
0.192
0.394
研究所
0.014
0.117
0.061
0.240
國小 (參考組)
0.197
實質工資率 (2001=100)
0.064
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
22/57
Indexing 工資指數化
 Indexing increases a nominal quantity each period by
the percentage increase in a specified price index
 Indexing prevents the purchasing power of the nominal
quantity from being eroded by inflation
 工資和物價指數連動,可避免物價膨脹帶來的購買力縮減
 Indexing automatically adjusts certain values, such
as Social Security payments, by the amount of
inflation 社會安全給付和物價有指數化關係
 If prices increase 3% in a given year, the Social Security
recipients receive 3% more
No action by Congress required 內建的政策機制,不需每次透
過議會決定
 Indexing is sometimes included in labor contracts
 部份勞動契約加入指數化條款
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
Adjusting for Inflation 工資的指數化
 An indexed labor contract
 First year wage is $12 per hour
 Real wages rise by 2% per year for next 2 years
 Relevant price index is 1.00 in first year, 1.05 in the
second, and 1.10 in the third
 Nominal wage is real wage times the price index
 各年度的實質所得皆上升
Year
Real Wage Price Index
Nominal Wage
1
$12.00
1.00
$12.00
2
3
$12.24
$12.48
1.05
1.10
$12.85
$13.73
LO 17 - 2
17-23
24/57
Minimum Wage最低工資
 Congress sets the national minimum wage in nominal
terms最低工資是名目的
 Publicized debate results in periodic increases
Indexing would be simpler and less controversial
Politicians appear to benefit from the debate
最低工資是資方和勞方拉鋸的結果,也是政客藉以牟利的工
具
 Minimum wage increased 15 times between 1970 and
2008
 Real minimum wage has decreased by about one-third in
that period
 但是實質最低工資卻在同一時段下降
最新基本工資於2010年9月13日審議通過,為每
月新台幣17880元,每小時新台幣98元,2011年1
月1日正式實施。
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
25/57
舊版課本 Example 19.4,
Real wage of US production worker
Compare the real wage of 1970 and 1990
Wage in 1970 = $3.23/hour, 1990=$10.01/hour
CPI in 1970 is 0.388 and in 1990, 1.307
 1982-84 as base year
In real term,
1970= 3.23/0.388 = $8.32
1990= 10.01/1.307 =$7.66
實質工資的比較,1990甚至低於1970
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
26/57
Accuracy of CPI精確性
Changes in the CPI are important
Directly impacts government budgets
影響聯邦政府的福利制度和最低工資
Boskin Commission 1996 (headed by Michael
Boskin,老布希總統的經濟顧問) study shows
CPI overstates inflation between 1 - 2% a
year高估 (1-2個百分點)
Costing federal government billions of dollars
more than necessary every year
Underestimating of true living standard
低估真正的生活水準
Suppose CPI indicates 3% inflation when cost of
living actually increases 2%
Real income increases 1% CPI高估造成生活水準低估
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
Reasons for Overstatement of Inflation
物價膨脹高估的理由
27/57
Quality adjustment bias品質調整的偏誤:
statistics do not account for the fact that
The quality of goods and services change over
time品質改善
新電腦價格高,功能強(就像較大的pizza價格較高)
New goods appear新東西出現,缺乏基期物價比較
Substitution bias替代的偏誤
CPI uses a fixed market basket以固定的一籃衡量
Consumers seek out cheaper substitutes when
prices rise消費者尋求便宜的替代品
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
P463, CPI Biases 消費者物價指數的偏誤
 CPI uses a fixed basket of goods and services
 When the price of a good increases, consumers buy
less and substitute other goods
 Failing to account for substitution overstates inflation
 Example: base year cost of market basket
Item
Coffee (50 cups)
Tea (50 cups)
Scones (100)
Total
LO 17 - 3
2000 price
$1.00
$1.00
$1.00
2000 Spending
$50.00
$50.00
$100.00
$200.00
17-28
CPI Substitution Bias 替代效果的偏誤
 In 2005, coffee and scones are more expensive
 Buying exactly the same basket of goods costs $300,
compared to $200 in 2000
 CPI = 300 / 200 = 1.50
Item
Coffee (50 cups)
Tea (50 cups)
Scones (100)
Total
LO 17 - 3
2005 price
$2.00
$1.00
$1.50
2000 Spending
$100.00
$50.00
$150.00
$300.00
17-29
CPI Substitution Bias 替代效果的偏誤
 Actually, consumer substitutes tea for coffee,都買茶而
不買咖啡
 Scones purchases constant
 True CPI for consumer is 250 / 200 = 1.25
 CPI estimate of 1.50 is 20% higher than the
consumer‘s experience 忽略替代效果,造成估計偏誤
Item
2005 price
2000 Spending
Coffee (00 cups)
Tea (100 cups)
$2.00
$1.00
$0.00
$100.00
Scones (100)
Total
$1.50
$150.00
$250.00
LO 17 - 3
17-30
31/57
Price Level vs. Relative Price
價格水準與相對價格
 Price level價格水準是全體的物價水平
 A measure of the overall level of prices at a particular point
in time as measured by a price index such as the CPI
 Relative price相對價格是各種財貨間的相對物價
 The price of a specific good or service in comparison to the
prices of other goods and services
If the price of oil decreases by 10% and all other prices
decrease by 3%, then the relative price of oil decreases (i.e. oil
is cheaper relatively)
 Suppose we have a one-time doubling of the gas price
 Overall price level and inflation increase by a small amount
 The increase in the relative price of gasoline is large
 油價突然上漲兩倍,物價水準不會上漲兩倍,但汽油和其
他財貨的相對物價會有大幅改變
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
Relative Prices
相對價格的變化
 Relative prices can change markedly without
corresponding changes in inflation 物價水準可能不變,
但相對物價有很多改變
 Summer prices 夏天的價格
Higher
Lower
• Beach hotels
• Fresh fruit and
 Government
rarely attempts tovegetables
manage relative prices
• Cruises
• Gas
Affect
the supply and demand
for that
• Heating
oil industry
prices
 台灣政府有時候干預物價 (近期的凍漲、緩漲或減稅)
 Inflation is affected by macroeconomic policy
 物價膨脹受到總體政策的影響
LO 17 - 4
17-32
33/57
The cost of inflation: not what you think
Price level
Relative price
兩者的概念有所差異
某些財貨的物價上升,並不一定會帶
來物價水準上升及通貨膨脹,因為有些
物價下跌可能抵銷
如果所有的物價(包括工資)都上升10%,
則通貨膨脹對於購買力不會有影響
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
34/57
The cost of inflation: not what you think
 Prices transmit information about
 1. The cost of production and
 2. The value buyers place on buying an additional unit
 同時帶來供需雙方的訊息
 Inflation creates static in the communication
 物價膨脹對供需雙方的溝通帶來阻礙
 Buyers and sellers can't easily tell whether
The relative price of this good is increasing OR
Inflation is increasing the price of this good and all others
不易確認物價變動的來源
 Deciding these issues requires market participants gather
information – at a cost
 Response to changing prices is tentative and slow
 供需雙方對物價變動的反應遲疑且緩慢
 想像現在的狀況,如果是做生意或持家,如何考慮
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
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行政院主計處
第 1、2 局(預算、會計)台北市忠孝東路 1 段 1 號
第 3、4 局(統計、普查)台北市廣州街 2 號
網址:www.dgbas.gov.tw
電話:(02) 33566500
電話︰(02) 23803400
傳真:(02) 23803465
貳、物價變動詳情
一、消費者物價指數
(一) 1 月 CPI 較上月微跌 0.01%:主因冬季服飾折扣與理容美髮降價促銷,
惟寒假期間國內外旅遊團費調漲,及油料費反映國際油價上漲抵銷部分
跌幅所致;剔除蔬果水產及能源後之總指數(即核心物價),跌 0.12%。
1. 七大類中漲跌幅較顯著者:
(1) 衣著類跌4.85%:主因冬季服飾折扣促銷,成衣下跌6.70%。
(2) 雜項類跌1.00%:主因部分連鎖美髮業者優惠促銷,理容服務費
下跌4.57%。
(3) 交通類漲0.89%:主因業者反映國際油價,油料費上漲1.77%。
(4) 教養娛樂類漲0.47%:主因寒假期間國內外旅遊團費調漲所致。
(5) 食物類漲0.19%:主因蛋類、水產品、肉類需求增加,行情上
揚,惟蔬菜盛產價跌,抵銷部分漲幅。
2. 在424個項目群中,上漲者170項,權數合計49.5%,下跌者169
項,權數合計22.5%,漲跌較顯著項目詳表8。
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政府喊漲 消費意願創歷史新低
油電雙漲最衝擊弱勢
2012年6月號 遠見雜誌
 2012年4月1日起,中油將所有油品每公升調高超過3元,
漲幅超過10%
 兩週後,經濟部又宣布5月中將大漲電價,平均漲幅逼近
30%
 油電乃民生必需,價格影響社會甚劇。該讓「人民免於恐
懼」的政府這次帶頭喊漲,一時間成本被整體推升,萬物
喊漲,通膨帶來的各種恐慌、憂慮甚囂塵上。
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Indexing Avoids Distortions
租稅指數化避免扭曲
 Income taxes have been indexed to avoid bracket
creep 所得賦稅級距的攀升
 Bracket creep occurs when a household is moved into a
higher tax bracket due to increases in nominal but not real
income
Higher tax brackets have a higher tax rate
 Indexing income taxes matches tax rates to the real
income level
 Suppose the tax rate on $50,000 is 25% in 2000
 CPI is 1 for 2000, 1.25 for 2005
 Nominal income of $62,500 is taxed 25% in 2005
 又稱為 inflation tax, 通貨膨脹稅
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Costs of Inflation物價膨脹的成本
 Reduces efficiency of the economy降低效率
 “Shoe-leather” costs磨鞋跟成本 (how is plastic money?)
More frequent trips to the bank
Inflation raises the cost of holding cash現金持有成本
提高
 “Noise” in the price system價格體系的噪音
Difficult to interpret information conveyed by prices
Relative price change or inflation?
 Distortions of the tax system扭曲租稅系統
Many provisions in the tax codes are not indexed
Causes bracket creep適用稅率區間悄然上升
Causes paying more than initially intended付更多租
稅
Inflation tax:通貨膨脹稅
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Distortions Caused by Taxes
US tax system is complex
Taxes are collected at the federal, state, and city
levels
Conflicting incentives
Taxes that are not indexed distort the tax
incentives for people to work, save, and invest
Lower savings and investment means lower
economic growth – a real cost of inflation
因為租稅造成的反向誘因,才是真正的成本
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Inflation Increases the Cost of Cash
通貨膨脹造成現金持有成本上升
 If there is no inflation, cash holds its value over time
 Some cash will be held for convenience
 When inflation is high, cash loses value over time
 重點在於通貨膨脹時,現金放在銀行可以生利息,
但是持有現金則無利息
 Manage cash balances to limit losses
 More frequent, smaller withdrawals cost consumers and
businesses time, travel – a real cost of inflation
 Banks process more transactions, increasing costs – another
real cost of inflation
 更頻繁的取出現金與交易,造成成本的上升
 Costs of managing cash holding are called "shoe leather"
costs, referring to the cost of frequent trips to the bank
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Unexpected Redistribution of Wealth
非預期的物價膨脹造成財富重分配
 Unexpected inflation redistributes wealth
 Suppose workers' salaries are not indexed and inflation is
higher than anticipated
 Salaries lose purchasing power薪水階級受害
 Employers' are less than anticipated in real terms
 Employers gain at the expense of workers雇主得利
 Similarly, unexpectedly high inflation benefits borrowers at the
expense of lenders
 Borrowers repay with dollars worth less than anticipated
 Hurts creditors to the benefit of debtors借貸雙方的財富重
分配
 Unanticipated inflation helps borrowers and hurts lenders
 有利於借款者但不利於放款者
 Unexpected inflation confuses incentives
 使得誘因機制混亂
 Interference with long-run planning擾亂長期計畫的規劃
 Difficult to forecast prices over long periods
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Hyperinflation超級通貨膨脹
Hyperinflation, 500% ~ 1000%
A situation in which the inflation rate is
“extremely” high極端快速的通貨膨脹
Experienced by
Several Latin American countries
Israel
Transition economies like Russia
Confederacy of U.S. 1861-1865同盟時期,92倍
Magnifies the costs of inflation物價膨脹的
成本更為擴大
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
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辛巴威的超級通貨膨脹
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
貨幣供給量與通貨膨脹-
從民國三十七年發行的金圓券談起
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 當一國的財政支出遠大於收入,尤其是戰時龐大的軍費支
出遠超過正常財政收入所能支應時,最直接的辦法就是以
貨幣政策融通 (monetary accommodation),也就是財政赤字
的貨幣化 (monetizing budget deficit)。但是貨幣的購買力來
自於貨幣準備所提供的法償地位,過多的貨幣供給相對於
過少的準備,會稀釋貨幣的購買力,使貨幣的法償地位受
到質疑,幣值貶低,物價也就隨之上漲。這個現象可以由
貨幣的供需均衡來探討。
 從抗日戰爭到戰後期間的貨幣數量成長率來觀察,1937年6
月的法幣發行量是14億元,1945年8月是5,567億元,八年間
的貨幣發行量達到四百倍;十年後的1948年8月達到6,946萬
億元,是1937年發行量的5百萬倍。更有甚者,1948年8月
開始發行的金圓券發行量由初時限制的20億元額度,在不
到一年期間的發行量就達到原額度的62萬5千倍,由此也就
不難理解法幣以及金圓券時期的惡性通貨膨脹 (hyperinflation),都是由毫無限制的貨幣供給造成的。
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
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陳飛龍顛沛悟生機
2009-09-27中國時報【謝錦芳/專訪】
 問:當年離開上海時,是
否通貨膨脹很嚴重?
 答:我記得學校老師領到
薪水,當時是裝在布袋裡,
馬上扛到雜貨店搬貨,因
為只要晚一步,錢就貶值
了。不過,雜貨店的老闆
收下一布袋的錢,卻哭了
出來,因為錢貶值得太厲
害了。
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
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Hyperinflation超級通貨膨脹
 Hyperinflation is an extremely high rate of inflation
 In 1923, German employers paid workers twice a day
 Magnifies the costs of inflation
 Minimize your cash holding
 Fischer et al. (2002), Journal of Economic Literature
 A study of market economies, 1960 – 1996 showed 45
episodes of high inflation (100+%) in 25 countries
 Real GDP/person fell by an average of 1.6% per year
 Real consumption/ person fell by an average of 1.3% per
year
 Real investment per person fell by an average of 3.3% per
year
 研究發現,超級通貨膨脹帶來真正成本
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
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Nominal and Real Interest Rate
名目與實質利率
 Nominal interest rate
(i.e., the market interest rate)
 The annual percentage increase in the nominal value of a financial
asset
 金融資產價值年增率
Real interest rate (i.e., real rate of return)
 The annual percentage increase in the purchasing power of a
financial asset金融財貨的購買力年增加率
 Equals the nominal interest rate on that asset minus the inflation
rate名目利率減去物價膨脹
 Financial investors and lenders do best when the real (not the
nominal) interest rate is high
 Increasing purchasing power實質利率愈高,借錢出去的獲利愈大
r ip
 r = real interest rate 實質利率
 i = nominal, market, interest rate
 p = inflation rate 通貨膨脹率
名目利率
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
Inflation and Interest Rates
 Nominal interest rates and
inflation vary
 Nominal interest rate range
is 1.4% to 11.5%
 Inflation rate range is 2.7%
to 13.5%
 Real interest rate is nominal
interest rate minus inflation
 Real interest rate was
highest in 1985, 3.9%
 Real interest rate was
lowest in 1975, – 3.3%
LO 17 - 5
Year
Interest
Rate (%)
Inflation
Rate (%)
1970
6.5%
5.7%
1975
5.8
9.1
1980
11.5
13.5
1985
7.5
3.6
1990
7.5
5.4
1995
5.5
2.8
2000
5.9
3.4
2004
1.4
2.7
17-48
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Fig. 17.3 The Real Interest Rate
in the United States, 1960-2006
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
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Inflation and Interest Rates
物價膨脹與利率
 Economists have noticed that
 During periods of high inflation, Interest rates are high as
well
 During periods of low inflation, Interest rates are low as
well
 物價膨脹率和利率有正向相關
 Fisher effect is the tendency for nominal interest
rates to be high when inflation is high and low when
inflation is low
 The tendency for nominal interest rates to be high when
inflation is high and low when inflation is low名目利率與通
貨膨脹率相隨
 If inflation has been high recently
 Lenders anticipate that it will continue to be high借款者預
期物價將持續膨脹
 Lenders raise the nominal interest rate so that the real rate
of return is not affected
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
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Fig. 17.4
Inflation and Interest Rates in the United State,
1960-2006, 似乎有前後相隨的關係
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
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央行:物價劇跌 通縮危機來臨
2009-03-11【中國時報 黃琮淵/台北報導】
經濟前景不明,中央銀行總裁彭淮南在周四
將赴立法院報告的書面資料中,首度提及預
期未來景氣持續低迷,進口原物料行情續弱,
加上經濟衰退,有效需求顯著下滑,全年物
價年增率(CPI)降為負0.82%,暗示台灣將
陷入通貨緊縮危機。
通貨緊縮與通貨膨脹相反,就是物價持續下
跌,致民眾更不願花錢,或寧可延緩消費。
但也因為不花錢、延緩消費,會導致投資與
生產減少,失業率因而攀高,經濟則陷入更
嚴重衰退的惡性循環。
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
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七月CPI跌幅 39年來最大
2009-08-06 工商時報 【于國欽/台北報導】
 行政院主計處昨日指出,受景氣低迷,商家降價促銷的
影響,7月消費者物價(CPI)較上年同月大跌2.33%,
呈連續6個月下滑,並創下近39年最大跌幅,其中核心物
價跌幅更擴大至0.93%,顯示通縮壓力有升高的疑慮。
 主計處發布7月份物價調查報告,雖然景氣衰退已漸趨
緩,但由於回升力道仍不足,商家為刺激買氣,紛紛降
價促銷,使得7月CPI較上年同月大跌2.33%,而經季節
調整後的指數僅較上月略升0.07%。
 排除能源、蔬果後的核心物價指數,7月份的年增率-0.93
%,為連續第2個月下滑,並且創下92年7月以來最大跌
幅。
 主計處官員說,核心物價排除了易受天候、國際因素干
擾的商品,指數走勢較為穩定,當核心物價年增率也轉
負的時候,說明了消費真的相當低迷。
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
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存款少要收費
2009-03-12【陳怡慈、張舒婷/台北報導】
「負利率」時代正式來臨!存錢的人還要繳
錢給銀行?別懷疑,新銀行、外商銀行帶頭
收帳管費,公股行庫也大喊快要忍不住了,
活儲帳戶收帳管費一事可能全面引爆
金管會主委陳冲說,歐美國家收帳管費已行
之有年
台銀副總蔡富吉說,不只歐美國家收帳管費,
日本也收。既然陳主委體恤銀行經營艱困,
「我們樂觀其成,銀行的存放利差已經非常
低了」。
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
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主要國家物價變動概況CPI
 99年美國漲1.6%
亞洲主要國家(地區)中
日本跌0.7%
中國大陸漲3.3%
新加坡漲2.8%
香港漲2.4%
100年1月我國漲1.11%(99年漲0.96%)
南韓漲4.1%(99年漲2.9%)。
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
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咱的社會-機車與泡麵經濟學
2011-03-03中國時報【盧信昌/北市(教授)】

開春以來泡麵一調價就高達一五%之多,最近物價更
成為大院長與企業執行長之間的口水混戰。以維護庶民
經濟為著眼,泡麵既屬民生必需品,因此就有苦民所苦
的憂心探問;
 有趣的是,亦屬民生必需的機車價格卻不動如山,未聽
聞因為有橡膠(輪胎)、鋼材(車架輪框)與石化原料
(包覆外殼)等的成本調整而改變!為何機車與泡麵的
價格反應竟會如此不同?
 但泡麵業者之間代工關係頻繁緊密,以口味和行銷意象
做市場區隔;又享有高關稅進口保護下,說漲就漲其實
原因無它,因為泡麵市場主導力量遠高於機車
 泡麵價格雖然不高,但是屬於民生必需品,易受關注
 泡麵和機車價格漲價的幅度可以類比嗎?
國立暨南國際大學經濟學系 陳建良
Inflation and Price Levels
Inflation
• Hyperinflation
Indexing
LO 17- All
Price Level
• CPI
• CPI Biases
Costs of Inflation
Real and Nominal
Values
Real and Nominal
Interest Rates
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