Transcript Protista Part II BIO 2215 Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson Phylum Euglenozoa • Leishmania • Leishmaniasis • 12 million people.

Protista
Part II
BIO 2215
Oklahoma City Community College
Dennis Anderson
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Phylum Euglenozoa
• Leishmania
• Leishmaniasis
• 12 million people
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Sand Fly
• Vector for
leishmaniasis
• Genus Phlebotomus
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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
• Parasites form skin
ulcers.
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As many as 200 lesions may form
causing disability and social stigma
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Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
• Central & South
America
• Destroys mucous
membranes of nose &
mouth
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Visceral Leishmaniasis
Kala Azar
• Primarily occurs in
Africa and Asia.
• Characterized by
irregular fever, weight
loss, swelling of
spleen & liver, &
anemia.
• Fatality can be 90% if
untreated.
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Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Coccidea
• Apical complex
– Helps in penetrating
host’s cells
• Endoparasites
• Movement
– Male gamete
• Male gametocyte
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Plasmodium
• Malaria
• Most important parasitic
disease of humans today
• WHO estimates that 270
million new cases occur
annually with 2 million
annual deaths
• Transmitted by bite of
infected mosquitoes of
genus Anopheles
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Mosquito feeds on blood of
infected host & ingests
gametocytes
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Gametes unite in mosquito
stomach to form oocysts in wall
of stomach
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Oocysts
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Sporozoites produced in
oocysts by sporogony move to
salivary glands of mosquito &
are injected into next host
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Sporozoites invade liver cells
and undergo schizogony to
produce merozoites
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Merozoites invade circulating
RBCs
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Each merozoite produces as
many as 36 new merozoites
through schizogony in RBCs
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Merozoites rupture RBCs to
invade other RBCs
Simultaneous lysing of RBCs causes the
sudden chills & fever typical of malaria
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Gametocytes are produced in
blood & ingested by mosquito to
complete the cycle
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Man
Mosquito
Sporozoites from mosquito bite
Ingest gametocytes
Sporozoites to liver
Fertilization in stomach
Schizogony to make merozoites
Oocyst forms
Merozoites enter RBCs
Sporozoites by sporogony
Schizogony to make merozoites
Sporozoites invade salivary gland
Merozoites
Merozoitesbecome
becomegametocytes
gametocytes
Bites man
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Toxoplasma
• Toxoplasmosis
• Parasite
– Cats, man, other
mammals & birds
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• Fetus
– Birth defects
– Mental retardation
• Aids Patients
– Fatal infection
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Toxomplasma
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Eimeria
• Coccidiosis
– Birds and mammals
• Bloody diarrhea
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Coccidiosis
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Coccidiosis
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Phylum Cilophora
• Cilia for movement
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Trichocysts
• Released as a
defense
• Long threadlike
• Release triggered by
mechanical or
chemical stimulation
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Phylum Cilophora
• Paramecium
• Movie
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Phylum Cilophora
Vorticella
• Spiral stock attaches
to substrate
– Contract and extend
• Cilia used to sweep
food into mouth (see
arrow)
• Movie
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Phylum Cilophora
Stentor
• Solitary
• Use cilia to sweep
food into mouth
• Movie
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Phylum Cilophora
Didinium
• Bands of cilia
• Eats Paramecium
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Phylum Cilophora
Spirostoman
• Up to 3 mm long
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Phylum Dinoflagellata
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Phylum Dinoflagellata
• Two flagella
– Transverse
– Longitudinal
• Some photosynthetic
• Some heterotrophic
• Some have cell wall
made of plates
• Red tide
– neurotoxin
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Zooxanthellae
• Photosynthetic
dinoflagellates
(brown)
• Live in corals
• Provide nutrients for
coral by
photosynthesis
• Mutualism
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Amebas
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Amoeba proteus
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Entomoeba histolytica
• Amoebic dysentery
• Transmitted by food &
water contaminated
with cysts
• Bloody diarrhea
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Difflugia
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Variations in Pseudopodia
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Radiolarians
• Abundant in the
ocean
– Ocean floors covered
– Forms sedimentary
rock
• Siliceous test (shell)
– Skeleton made of
silica
– Numerous geometric
designs
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Radiolarian Tests
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Foraminifera
• Secrete a test (shell)
of calcium carbonate
• Grow new chambers
as organism
increases in size
– Foramen (opening)
between chambers
• Shells constitute vast
deposits on ocean
floors
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Foraminifera Tests
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White Cliffs of Dover, England
• Foramifera deposits
uplifted from ocean
floor
• Chalk
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Pyramids of Egypt
• Made of limestone
from foraminera
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Plankton
• Small organisms that drift in the ocean and
freshwater
• Pastures of the seas
• Many different protozoans
• Zooplankton
• Phytoplankton
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Which Animal Has A Higher
Surface Area to Volume Ratio?
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Which Organism Has A Higher
Surface Area to Volume Ratio?
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Smaller Organisms Have A Higher
Surface Area To Volume Ratio
• Advantage of more
surface area/volume
– Easier to get food
– Easier to get oxygen
• Disadvantage of more
surface area/volume
– Loose heat faster
– Warm blooded animals
have to consume more
calories
– Hummingbird eats 2/3 body
weight each day
• Need transport systems
for food and oxygen
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Symbosis
•
•
•
•
Living together
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
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Parasitism
• Parasite benefits
• Host harmed
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Mutualism
• Both organisms
benefit from living
together
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Commensalism
• Bird nest and tree
• Bird benefits
• Tree not affected
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The End
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