Transcript WELCOME Workshop Penelitian Asosiasi Pendidikan Tinggi Arsitektur Indonesia (APTARI) 9 November 2011 Mohammed Ali Berawi, M.Eng.Sc, PhD Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia Editor-in-Chief Value World Journal of the.

WELCOME
Workshop Penelitian
Asosiasi Pendidikan Tinggi Arsitektur
Indonesia (APTARI)
9 November 2011
Mohammed Ali Berawi, M.Eng.Sc, PhD
Faculty of Engineering
University of Indonesia
Editor-in-Chief
Value World
Journal of the Society of American Value Engineers (SAVE) International
http://value-eng.org/education_publications_value_world.php
Editor-in-Chief
International Journal of Technology
Faculty of Engineering - University of Indonesia
www.ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id
Editorial Board / Invited Reviewer:
International Journal of Construction Project Management (Nova Publishers, Canada)
International Journal of Project Planning and Finance (CIDI, Ghana)
Journal of Construction Engineering and Management (ASCE, USA)
Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology (Emerald, UK)
International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management (Emerald, UK)
International Journal of Physical Sciences (Academic Journals)
'Patriotism is your conviction that this country is superior to all others
because you were born in it' (Bernard Shaw)
Presentation Structure
1. Research Philosophy
2. Research Protocols
3. Discussion
Introduction
“A research is suggested to form critically
investigating and evaluating a phenomena, with
the investigation resulting in an independent
contribution to knowledge”
What exactly is research?
• “Scientific research is systematic, controlled,
empirical, and critical investigation of natural
phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses
about the presumed relations among such
phenomena.”
– Kerlinger, 1986
• Research is an organized and systematic way of
finding answers to questions
Research Problems
Methods
Data
• Research questions ”dominate” the design.
• Data and methods are to be selected so that the
purpose/objectives/research questions can be
addressed.
The greatest challenge to any thinker is stating the
problem in a way that will allow a solution (Bertrand
Russell)
Philosophical Background
Philosophy is the discipline concerned with the questions of:
1. What sorts of things exist and what are their essential natures
(metaphysics – ontology)
Objectivism  meanings/existence is independent of social actors
Subjectivism  meanings/existence is being accomplished by social actors
2. What counts as genuine knowledge (epistemology)
Positivism  the application of methods of natural sciences to the study
of social reality
Realism  a reality is independent, refer to real objects in natural/social
worlds
Interpretivism  the subjective meaning of social action
3. What are the correct principles of reasoning (logic)
4. How one should live (ethics)
We all bring (often implicit?!) assumptions and path
dependencies to our research!
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What knowledge is – ontology
How we know it – epistemology
What values go into it – axiology
How we write about it – rhetoric
The process of studying it – methodology
(Sexton 2002)
Hypothesis Testing
A hypothesis is a provisional statement put forward
for the sake of argument, or for the purpose of
being tested
Hypothesis – Human sacrifice
causes spring to return
Hypothesis – Human sacrifice
causes spring to return
Consequences – If a sacrifice is
made spring will return
Consequences – If a sacrifice is
not made spring will not return
Test – Carry out sacrifice
Test – Do not perform sacrifice
this year
Result – Spring returns
Conclusion (fallacious) – The
hypothesis is correct
Affirming the consequent
Result – Spring returns
Conclusion (valid) – The
hypothesis is not correct
Denying the consequent
Causation and the logic of Research Design
Sector (public
or private)
Age
Sector
Achievement
orientation
(low or high)
Achievement
orientation
A spurious relationship : when 2 variables or events
are correlated but not causally related the relationship
between 2 variables (coincidental)
A direct causal relationship is the cause affects the
outcome directly, whilst if via other variables called as
an indirect causal relationship.
Degree of job
security
B  C
A
ABCDEFG
Long causal chain
F
D  E
Multiple indirect path
Designing Research Protocols
• State Research Questions
• Review literature and select appropriate
framework.
• Design research study (to answer your research
questions) using a quantitative, qualitative or
mixed methodology.
• Select sample (note: your sampling method
determines who you can generalize your findings
to).
Designing a Research Study (cont’d)
• Collect data (data can be qualitative, quantitative or
both).
• Analyze data (using appropriate techniques).
• Interpret results
• Disseminate findings (write and present findings in
understandable language).
Start
Source: Professor Ghassan Aouad, Pro Vice Chancellor for Research, Innovation and
Internationalisation, University of Salford,
Identification
of the PROBLEM
LITERATURE
REVIEW
(Information from Existing knowledge)
“THE GAP” and “THE RATIONALE OF RESEARCH”
What is your contribution to knowledge?
Definition of the
AIM
Research Process
and Milestones
Establish
Objectives
and Hypothesis
Develop
Research Plan
Development of
model/
frame work / and Evaluation
Write up
Conclusion
Identification of
the research population
Identification of data
to be collected
Identification of means
of data collection
Identification of means
of data analyses
Contribution to
existing knowledge
Contribution to
existing knowledge
Quantitative
qualitative
Questionnaires,
interviews, survey
Focusing on a topic
Asking questions while planning the research
- Is the topic researchable?
- Is the topic of enough interest?
- Will the results be of interest to others?
- Is the topic likely to be publishable?
- Does the study (a) fill a gap, (b) replicate,
- (c) extend, or (d) develop new ideas in the scholarly
literature?
To Do List
• In order to do an appropriate research design one
must carefully formulate a research question.
• To answer your research question, you will need
to choose an appropriate research method or
combination of methods, and then do appropriate
analyses ( analyses are not necessarily statistical).
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Robust Methodology
Clear aim, objectives, hypothesis, research Questions
Good data collection and analysis methods
Comprehensive literature review, Critical Analysis
Strong Validation, Good reflections
Confidence, Other researchers will use as a reference
Original findings
Appropriate structure of chapters (flow)
Writing style (exciting)
Evidence based, Well scoped (focus)
Intellectuality and creativity are evident
Strong theoretical underpinnings
Researching a phenomena
Contribution to knowledge clearly described
Good Research
Weak Research
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Weak methodology
Ambiguity in defining the aim, objectives,
Weak data collection and analysis methods
Superficial literature review
Superficial analysis
Badly presented (spelling)
Findings are not clearly reported
No reflections
Expected findings
No structure (flow)
Opinion based (unsupported statements)
No scope, all over the place
No intellectuality or creativity
Weak theoretical underpinnings
Writing Barriers
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Lack of momentum to write
Limited writing support available
Lack of time for writing
Lack of confidence
Fear of criticism and rejection
Limited knowledge of research process
Poor writing skills
Effective writers
strategies of professional writers
1. Schedule daily writing
2. Set daily word or page goals
3. Put off judging text during
creation
4. Keep records of production
5. Reward goal achievement
6. Control writing setting and
conditions
7. Obtain advice and feedback
Zimmerman, B. J. (1998). Academic studying and the
development of personal skill: A self-regulatory
perspective. Educational Psychologist, 33, 73-86.
five habits of effective
academic writers
1. Write regularly
2. Set realistic goals
3. Start writing before they
are ready
4. Seek help on early drafts
5. Spend time on revision
Boice, R. (1990). Professors as writers: A self-help
guide to productive writing. Stillwater,
Oklahoma: New Forums Press.
Never give
up
Think out of the
box
Get
organised
Focus
Critical
Literature
Ownership
Rigour
Networking
Good
Methodology
Directions
Encouragement
Get
Publish
Dealing with
problems
Conclusion: Preparing The Research
Proposal
1
2
INTRODUCTION
Problem statement
Aim
Research Approach
3
BACKGROUND
Critical Literature
Current theory
Current practice
4
CONTRIBUTION
Research duration,
budget, contribution.
Research Method
Design of works
The harder we work, the luckier
we seem to be