Transcript The Revival, Regeneration and Conservation Master Class: Focus Water Suresh Kumar Rohilla Programme Director – Water Management Centre for Science & Environment, Delhi Environment and Energy.

The Revival, Regeneration and
Conservation Master Class:
Focus Water
Suresh Kumar Rohilla
Programme Director – Water Management
Centre for Science & Environment, Delhi
Environment and Energy Conclave
29th and 30th August 2014
at ITC Sonar, Kolkata
Structure of the Presentation
• Summary assessment of water management in India
based on CSE research – focus on urban water
• Agenda for change – mainstreaming revival, regeneration
and reuse/recycle for sustainable water management.
CSE’s Recent Publication
Volume 1 - dwells on how urban
India is soaking up water, polluting
rivers and drowning in its own waste
( 296 pages).
Volume 2 - contains a very detailed
survey of 71 cities, and presents an
assimilation of the survey's results
(496 pages).
http://cseindia.org/content/excreta-matters-0
Buy online at http://csestore.cse.org.in
Growing Water crisis Asia
o In the last hundred years world population tripled
.... but human use of water increased six times
o Worldwide, the consumption of water is doubling every
20 years - more than twice the rate of increase in
population.
o Crisis is more evident in India as major population share
is accommodated here
Is India Water-stressed ?
Per capita availability of fresh water
has fallen from 6042 cubic meters
in 1947-50.
Reduced to 1545 cubic meters in
2011 within five decades
Based on the mark fixed (i.e.1700
cu.m) by the United Nations. India
has already become a "waterstressed” nation.
Emerging Water Scenario
Emerging Wastewater Scenario
Condition of Rivers and Lakes
TheWater
urbanChallenges
water crisis in India
Urban
• Most cities are water stressed
• Many places industry is given sewage (in place of
water)
• Every summer, there are riots, protests and
sometimes killings
• Urban water bodies (lakes/ponds)disappearing
• Rivers polluted / dead
• When rains come, it leads to flooding
• Is available water safe ?
Urban Water Challenges in India
Not a single town/city has 24-7 Water Supply
in India
Not single city ranked health and clean city
Water Resources Scenario
Water for growth?
• Cities-industries need water for growth.
Where will this come from?
• What are the options ?
Indian town/cities need to become
prosperous without more water - How is
that possible?
The water-sewage connection
The conventional way:
Bring water into the city – storage, diversion, pipe,
pump, treat – from further and further away.
Flush and carry the waste out of the city – pipe,
pump, divert, treat – further and further away.
Location of WTPs and
Sources of Water - Delhi
Above 250 kms
Relentless
search for
water
Vaitarna cum
Tansa
90 km
Bhatsa
105 km
Mumbai
Manjira dam
100 km
Hyderabad
105 km
Nagurjuna
Nyari
dam 2
Ajai 3
Ajai 2
Ajai 1
Nyari
dam 1
Bhadar dam – 75 km
120 km – 1088 cr
Bisalpur dam
Indira Gandhi canal
204 km
Rajivgandhi lift canal
How is urban water supply need calculated in India ?
Classification of towns/cities
Towns provided with piped water supply
but without sewerage system
Cities provided with piped water supply
where sewerage system is exists
Metropolitan and Mega cities provided
with piped water supply where sewerage
systems existing
Recommended
maximum
water supply levels (lpcd)
70
135
150
Source: Ministry of Urban Development, Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering
Organisation Manual on Water Supply and Treatment, Third Edition -Revised and Updated (May
1999), New Delhi.
Per capita supply is high and completely arbitrary
CPHEEO Norm
Official Water Demand, Supply, leakage loss and
Official
water demand, supply, leakage loss and supply after leakage loss
supply after
loss
250
210
200
Official per capita demand
Official per capita supply
Official per capita supply after leakage loss
190
Per capita water (lpcd)
34%
160
150
150
140
23%
125
130
115
110
100
50
0
Million plus cities
Class I
Class II & III
15%
Slums : Unreached, Un-supplied
Cities Craving to Supply More
71 Indian Cities Survey by CSE reveals:
paradigm – water supply
The current paradigm – water supply
More water supplied = More waste water
generated = more costs for treatment =
Unsustainable
Water = Wastewater
Cities plan for water, forget waste
• 80% water leaves homes as sewage
• More water = more waste
• Cities have no accounts for sewage
• Cities have no clue how they will convey waste of all,
treat it, clean rivers
• Cities only dream of becoming New York or London
Sewage : more sums
• 30% of total sewage can be treated
• But Delhi and Mumbai alone have 40 per cent
of sewage treatment capacity in the country
Planning for hardware
Cities plan for treatment not ‘sewage’
• Treatment plants are not simple answers
• Can build plants to treat, but there is no waste being
conveyed for treatment
• Most cities do not have underground sewerage. But
engineers sell pipe-dreams of catching up with
infrastructure
• Politicians buy pipe-dreams
• We lose rivers. Generations of lost rivers
• Cities do not have drains
• New growth cities are growing without drains
• Backlog and front-log impossible to fix
• As cities fix one drain, another goes under
For example - Bengaluru: sewage not reaching
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
3610 km of sewage pipes
14 sewage treatment plants = 781 mld
Generates 800-1000 mld of sewage
But treats only 300 mld
Rest does not reach
Now plans to build 4000 km more
Builds, grows and more lines need repair
Catch-up that does not catch-up
Partial treatment = pollution
“Cities do not control pollution” and Cost of
building system is high
• City can build sewerage system for few not all
• Spends on building pipes, repair and energy costs of
pumping to treatment plant of this waste of some few
• Spends to treat waste of some few
• Treated waste of few gets mixed with untreated waste
of majority
• The result is pollution
For example : Delhi
Has 20 drains
Has 17 STP
Capacity exists
But River Yamuna
dead
Why?
Delhi keeps building
to ‘catch up’
Can’t
Sewage reaches river
River has no water only sewage
For example : Chennai
Funds spent
Sewage system coverage high
Large number of pumping stations
Why still polluted?
Pumps and pumps
Takes to outskirts of city
Dumps it back into canals and rivers
These flow through city
Engineers say ‘all is well’
Waste is intercepted
Only stormwater flows
But not true
Sewage flows ,
Treated sewage flows
Water-waste portrait
Urban water paradigm – cause & effect
Supply
Water is imported –
pipes, tankers, trains
Treatment
Sewerage
Raw water quality is
very poor
Supplied water turned
into polluted water
Costs for
government
Costs of treatment
for government
Costs of collection and
treatment for govt.
Cannot meet
the demand
Cannot meet
the demand
Indiscriminate
groundwater mining
within and outside
the city
High health impacts
among poor
Growth of bottled water
industry
Cannot meet
the demand
Polluted rivers and
lakes. Further reduction
of water supply
Typical Water Production / Wastewater
Treatment & Energy Use
Cost Components
25-50/60 % revenue
spent on water
Water financials, a dilemna
•Water price is a public issue (no volatility, even fixed)
•Chemicals & additives will increase
•Asset management need regular investments
Source: Schneider Electric
Example : River Ganga Basin
Very Low Flow
No Flow /
Highly Polluted
Low Flow /
Navigation Disrupted
Example : River Ganga is an over extracted and
polluted freshwater ecosystem
HOW DOES ALL THIS THIS COME TOGETHER?
processing
energy
and H2O
hydropower
energy
and H2O
effluent
domestic
irrigation
Reduced Flow &
Polluted River
energy
and H2O
pesticides
energy
and H2O
sewage
How to address the situation ?
Managing Water Stress & Variability
• When such water stress is reached, a new approach to
water management within the catchment is required.
• Rather than an engineering approach, these approaches
seek to restore river flow through a multi-disciplinary
process of managing water withdrawal.
• Effective water allocation mechanisms need to be
developed that manage the use of the scarce resource.
• Ways need to be found to allocate water between
competing needs within a catchment, while sufficient
water is retained to ensure the continuation of ecosystem
functions.
Need of the Hour – Revival, Restoration & Reuse
processing
Sustainably
managed
hydropower
Reduced pollution
and energy use
Reduced
abstraction &
energy use
Reduced
pesticides
domestic
Reduced pollution &
energy use + better
recycling
Increased flows &
cleaner water
Urban Areas
Cannot play catch up game
Cannot flush – and forget
Have to find new approaches :
affordable and sustainable
Way Forward
New Paradigm
• Use less water. Do not be wasteful - Do not
make cities first water-wasteful and then think
efficiency.
• Only bring the deficit water from outside.
Some examples :
- Rainwater Harvesting – both recharge and storage
- Decentralised wastewater treatment
- Local reuse and recycle
- Use of water efficient fixture ( less water consuming toilet
flush system, shower and taps/faucets etc)
Future directions for addressing water variability and
adaptation proposed in Indian context
?
• Not a task for engineers (and water utilities)
alone
• Integrated planning of urban land and water
• Objective of equity, economic efficiency and
environmental integrity
• Making water everybody’s business…
THANK YOU
Email: [email protected]