Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice Chapter 10 Motivating Students to Learn

Discuss Give Some Examples of Motivation That You Have Experienced or Observed in Other Students

Motivation  Internal Process that Activates, Guides, and Maintains Behavior Over Time  Intensity and Direction Vary  Competing Motives Have Influence

Theories of Motivation: Behavioral Learning Theory R E W A R D  Reinforcement  Rewards and Incentives

Theories of Motivation: Human Needs (Humanism)  Take Self-Actualization Assessment  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs  Deficiency Needs  Growth Needs  Self-Actualization  Implications of Maslow’s Theory for Education (See Illustration)

Theories of Motivation: Assessments

Theories of Motivation: Attribution Theory (Weiner)  Attribution of Motive  Perception of Self  Perception of Others  Fundamental Attribution Error

Theories of Motivation: Attribution Theory (Weiner)  Tell About a Failure  Tell About a Success

Theories of Motivation: Attribution Theory (Weiner)  Explanations for Success and Failure  Internal or External  Stable or Unstable  Controllable or Not

Theories of Motivation: Attribution Theory  Attributions for Success and Failure  Ability  Effort  Task Difficulty  Luck

Internal Stable Ability Unstable Effort External Task Difficulty Luck

Theories of Motivation: Attribution Theory  Locus of Control and Self-Efficacy  Internal  External  Score Locus of Control Test

Achievement Motivation  Goal Orientations  Learning Versus Performance Goals  Seeking Success Versus Avoiding Failure  Learned Helplessness

Achievement Motivation  Teacher Expectations  Effects of Negative and Positive Expectations  How Teachers Communicate Positive Expectations  Wait for Students to Respond  Avoid Unnecessary Achievement Distinctions  Treat All Students Equally

Theories of Motivation: Expectancy Theory  Expectancy-Valence Model  M = Ps x Is  Detrimental Effect of Overly High Probability of Success  Implications for Education: Success Should Be Possible but Not Easy for All Students

Increasing Student Motivation  Enhancing Intrinsic Motivation  Arousing Interest  Maintaining Curiosity  Using a Variety of Interesting Presentation Modes  Helping Students Set Their Own Goals  Avoiding Overjustification Effect

Increasing Student Motivation  Principles for Providing Extrinsic Incentives to Learn  Expressing Clear Expectations  Providing Clear Feedback  Providing Immediate Feedback  Providing Frequent Feedback  Increasing the Value and Availability of Extrinsic Motivators  Reward Effort and Improvement