Transcript Tonight: • Lecture – Cruise Ship Impacts • Course Evaluations Next week: • Synthesis Session II, in class.

Tonight:
• Lecture – Cruise Ship Impacts
• Course Evaluations
Next week:
• Synthesis Session II, in class
Transportation on Vacation:
Cruise Ships and their Impacts
http://www.bluewaternetwork.org
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BIG SHIPS
3.6 Canadian football fields /
360
m
long
4.9 soccer fields long
6296 passengers
World's biggest cruise ships:
Royal Carribean’s
“Oasis of the Seas“ (2009)
“Allure of the Seas” (2010)
BIG SHIPS
World's 4th biggest cruise ship:
Royal Carribean’s
"Freedom of the Seas“
338.91 m / 4,375 passengers
BIG SHIPS
World's 7th largest cruise ship:
Cunard’s
“Queen Mary 2”
345 m / 3056 passengers
THE BIGGEST SHIPS
Year
1996
2006
2010
Cruise ships keep getting bigger:
Passengers
Ship Cost ($US)
1,800
$400 million
3,600
$720 million
6,296
$1.4 billion
Royal Carribean’s
‘Oasis’ & ‘Allure of the Seas’
6,296 passengers
• 225,282 tonnes
• 360 metres (1,181 ft) long
• 47 m (154 ft) wide
• Cruising speed: 22.6 knots
(41.9 km / hr)
•6,296 passengers
BIG FLEETS
Total ships operating in U.S.
• 1996: 131
• 2006: 200
• 2014: >230 plus 26 on order
Number of new ships
• 9 or more new cruise ships added globally
every year since 2001, all at 100,000 GT
or greater.
• 14 new cruise ships entered (or will enter)
BIG GROWTH
5 million • Number of passengers
taking a cruise in 1996
>20 million • Number of passengers
taking cruises in 2014
400% • Increase in cruise
passengers 1996 - 2014
• number of passengers is
expected to increase by
as much as 8 percent in
2014 alone
BIG GROWTH
•
Percent of cruise passengers that originated in North America: 60 %
#2
#3
#4
998
651
513
379
233
#5
380
#1
10,582
123
Source: UNWTO (2010): Cruise Tourism – Current Situation and Trends
BIG BUSINESS
There are approximately
53 operational cruise lines
registered worldwide
in 2014
A US $29.4 billion dollar industry in 2011
BIG BUSINESS
Carnival and Royal Caribbean together
control most cruise line brands and 80
percent of the market:
Profits of > $US 3.0 billion in 2005
BILLION DOLLAR CRUISING
88% of the world’s supply of cruise ship bedplaces is controlled by three large groups:
– Carnival Corporation & Plc
– Royal Caribbean Ltd.
– Star Cruises
• very close to an oligopoly
• These three multi-brand groups encompass all
market segments and operate very modern
fleets (average age about 12 years).
BILLION DOLLAR CRUISING
• 2005:
$11 billion revenues
$2.3 billion profit
• 2004
$9.7 billion revenues
$2.2 billion profit
• One of the largest and most profitable tourism
companies in the world.
• Stayed profitable during and after 2009 economic
meltdown
BILLION DOLLAR CRUISING
• 2005
$4.9 billion revenues
$716 million profit
• 2004
$4.5 billion revenues
$475 million profit
• Stayed profitable during and after 2009
economic meltdown
Additional costs of ‘all-inclusive’ cruises
Hidden costs and camouflaged price increases:
• port fees
• taxes (e.g., 50% of taxes returned to cruise company in Belize)
• fuel surcharges (not always justified)
Optional onboard expenses / upselling:
• gratuities
• overpriced shore excursions (100% markups typical)
• vertical integration (‘company store’ syndrome)
• controlled onshore shopping destinations
• casinos
• phone and internet services
• alcoholic beverages
• cooking lessons, spa services, fitness classes
• premium restaurants
BIG INFLUENCE
• Royal Caribbean’s lobbying costs
1997-2004
• Carnival Corporation’s lobbying
costs, 1997-2004
• International Council of Cruise
Lines lobbying costs, 1997-2004
$900 million
$2.5 million
$1.6 million
BIG POLLUTION
19 to 26 litres • Sewage dumped per
passenger per day
1.58 billion litres • Sewage dumped per year
4.8 km (3 miles) • Distance from shore where
raw sewage is dumped
0 km • Distance from shore where
treated sewage and raw
graywater are dumped
BIG POLLUTION
See online lists:
• Pollution and Environmental Violations
and Fines, 1992 – 2012 (Only those
reported in the media or public
documents)
http://www.cruisejunkie.com/envirofines.html
• Large Environmental Fines ($100,000 or
more)
http://www.cruisejunkie.com/largefines.html
BIG FINES
US $25 million • Fines paid by cruise lines
in U. S. for illegally
dumping oily water and
air pollution violations,
2000 - 2005
US $50 million • Fines paid for illegally
dumping oily water and
destroying coral reefs,
1995-1999
BIG FINES
• 1998 and 1999. Royal Caribbean Cruises
pleaded guilty to 30 charges and was fined
$27 million for a fleetwide conspiracy to
dump oily bilge wastewater into U.S.
waters. Article:http:/www.usatoday.com/travel/news/2002/200211-08-cruise-dumping-side1.htm
How they did it:
• http://www.usatoday.com/travel/_graphics/
gcruisedumping/flash.htm
BIG LOOPHOLES
0
41
• Monitoring of cruise ship
sewage dumping by U.S.
Coast Guard in federal
waters
• Number of years cruise ships
have been exempted from
discharge laws in the U.S.
Clean Water Act of 1973
BIG LOOPHOLES
0
• New national laws passed to
control cruise ship dumping
since 1973
10
• Years without response from
the U.S. EPA since Bluewater
Network and 58 groups filed
petition to control cruise ship
pollution (response came in
2008)
BIG LOOPHOLES
• International regulations apply to the cruise
industry, including MARPOL and labor codes
agreed to under the International Labor
Organization
• Monitoring and enforcement is the responsibility
of the country where a ship is registered ->
• cruise ships face only limited consequences for
noncompliance; companies skirt national
regulations by simply registering a ship under a
flag of convenience.
Source: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/05/treacherous_waters
BIG LOOPHOLES
• Corporations are registered offshore, thus
avoiding U.S. taxes and regulations, but they
benefit from many services paid for by the U.S.
taxpayer
• e.g.,
– one disappearance from a cruise ship can cost
the U.S. Coast Guard more than $800,000
– Carnival Splendor's engine-room in November
2010 reportedly cost the U.S. government
$1.8 million
Source: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/05/treacherous_waters
“SWEATSHIPS”
• By registering ships under flags of convenience,
the corporations also dodge U.S. labor laws,
even though their passengers are mainly
Americans -> North Americans taking a cruise
save money on the backs of the foreign workers
employed on these “sweatships”
• foreign cruise-ship workers have no rights under
U.S. law with regard to either remuneration or
recourse in the case of injury or unfair treatment
• cruise lines not liable for medical malpractice by
medical staff hired to provide care to passengers
Source: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/05/treacherous_waters
LACK OF SPENDING ON
AIR AND WATER QUALITY
200
• Number of cruise ships
dumping sewage in U.S.
waters
0
• Number of cruise lines
supporting no discharge
zones in U. S. waters
LACK OF SPENDING ON
AIR AND WATER QUALITY
79 out of 80
20
• Number of sewage samples
taken in Alaska that failed
federal standards in 2005
• Number of ships treating
sewage to higher Alaska
standards
LACK OF SPENDING ON
AIR AND WATER QUALITY
A cruise ship in Milford Sound, New Zealand, with
stack exhaust gases constrained by an inversion layer
LACK OF SPENDING ON
AIR AND WATER QUALITY
Passenger excursion ship (1912 steamer TSS Earnslaw) on
Lake Wakatipu, near Queenstown, New Zealand
LACK OF SPENDING ON
AIR AND WATER QUALITY
0
43
• Number of U. S. cruise ships
with advanced air pollution
controls
• Number of Swedish cruise
ships, large ferries and ships
with advanced air pollution
controls
LACK OF SPENDING ON
AIR AND WATER QUALITY
2
6
3
• Number of cruise lines
equipping ships to plug into
shorepower
• Number of cruise ships
equipped to plug into
shorepower
• Number of U.S. ports
equipped with shoreside
power hook-ups for cruise
ships
LACK OF SPENDING ON
AIR AND WATER QUALITY
16
4
2
1
• Number of states where cruise
ships call
• Number of states with cruise
ship pollution laws
• Number of states with
voluntary agreements
• Number of states that ban
cruise ship dumping
U.S. FEDERAL LEGISLATION
PROPOSED (AGAIN) 113th Congress (2013);
still pending – see overview and track bill
History:
111th Congress: H.R. 3888
110th Congress: S. 2881
110th Congress: H.R. 6434
109th Congress: S. 793
109th Congress: H.R. 1636
108th Congress: S. 2271
108th Congress: H.R. 4101
Dead
Dead
Dead
Dead
Dead
Dead
Dead
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
CRUISE SHIPS
Waste discharges to water
Liquid wastes:
• Sewage
• Grey water
• Oil
• Hazardous liquid wastes
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
CRUISE SHIPS
Waste discharges to water
Solid wastes:
• inorganic
• organic
(primarily food wastes)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
CRUISE SHIPS
Waste discharges to air
‘Master’ and ‘slave’ engines
• Master engines: used for propulsion
• Slave engines: used for electricity
generation
Marine engines generally burn cheap
residual fuel oil of low quality (‘bunker
oil’, not standard diesel fuel).
Air Quality
A cruise ship’s diesel engines can produce
as many exhaust emissions per hour
as 10,000 cars, even when idling in port.
Air Quality
New fuel formulations containing glycerol and
surfactants have improved emissions, but cost more
– Science Daily, Aug. 2012
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
CRUISE SHIPS
Waste discharges to air:
Solid waste incinerator emissions:
• gaseous emissions
• particulate emissions
• greenhouse gases
Annex VI of MARPOL (International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution From Ships) is concerned with
the prevention of air pollution from ships.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
CRUISE SHIPS
Some progress:
EPA's Clean Diesel Locomotive and
Marine program
• Audio Soundbite:
Stephen L. Johnson,EPA Administrator
• Listen to or download the audio file
(MP3, 0:21 secs, 514 KB)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
CRUISE SHIPS
Biosecurity risks:
• Hull fouling
by organisms
• Organisms in ballast water
• Undeclared food items, plants,
and animals taken on or off ships
• Bio-stowaways (rats, vermin, etc.)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
CRUISE SHIPS
Risks from maritime accidents
•
•
•
•
•
Leaks
Fuel spills
Physical wreckage
Hazardous substances
Salvage operation impacts
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
CRUISE SHIPS
Effects on wildlife
•
•
•
•
•
•
Behavioural disturbances
Avoidance behaviour
Adaptation to humans
Scavenging behaviour
Direct safety threats
Collisions
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
CRUISE SHIPS
Increased Turbidity
• Sediment stirring and disturbance from
propulsion and wakes of ship
• Increased wave action
• Direct discharge of solid matter
• Coastal / shoreline erosion
A plume of silt stirred up by a
cruise ship in Key West
stays in suspension and is
carried by the tides to
smother the only living coral
reef in North America.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
CRUISE SHIPS
Anchor damage
• Mechanical damage to sea floor
• Dragging damage
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
CRUISE SHIPS
Antifouling chemicals
• Heavy metals
• Toxic compounds
• Hull paint flaking
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
CRUISE SHIPS
Impacts on shore communities
• Water consumption
and pollution
• Sewage
• Energy and fuel use
• Souvenir and artifact
production and sale
• Food consumption and distribution
A CENTURY OF
CRUISE SHIP
DISASTERS
1912: The original cruise ship disaster, the "unsinkable ship" Titanic struck an
iceberg in the North Atlantic on its maiden voyage in 1912 and sank into the icy
water, killing more than 1,500 of its 2,200 passengers and crew.
May 1914: Empress of Ireland was an ocean liner that sank in the Saint Lawrence
River following a collision with the Norwegian collier SS Storstad in the early hours of
29 May 1914. Of the 1,477 persons on board the ship, 1,012 died, the largest
number of deaths of any Canadian maritime accident in peacetime.
May 1915: RMS Lusitania was a British ocean liner launched by the Cunard Line in
1906. In 1915 she was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat, causing the deaths
of 1,198 passengers and crew.
July 1915: In 1915, just three years after the Titanic sank, the topheavy S.S.
Eastland passenger tour ship rolled over while in port in downtown Chicago. About
884 of its 2,500 passengers died in the accident.
1992: A Royal Pacific cruise ship collided with a fishing trawler in 1992 due to low
visibility. According to Marine Insight, crew members did not do enough to save
passengers during the chaotic evacuation in the middle of the night, and as many as
30 people died with 70 injured out of the 530 passengers on board.
2005: While sailing between New York City and the Bahamas in 2005, the
Norwegian Dawn cruise ship was hit with a 70-foot wave that reached up to deck 10
of the ship. Sixty-two cabins were flooded, and two people suffered minor injuries.
Two people also died on the Norwegian Dawn during a cruise in 2011.
2007: A cruise ended early after bacteria was discovered on Fred Olsen Cruise M.S.
Black Watch in 2007, but days after returning home, passenger Robert Heath died in
his home. An inquest later ruled that Fred Olsen Cruises exposed Heath to
Legionnaires' disease, and found that the two doctors he saw did not prescribe
adequate medication and failed to respond to his worsening condition. The cruise
line eventually paid out over $100,000 to settle the case.
2008: The Pacific Sun ship was returning to Auckland, New Zealand, when it ran into
a violent storm some 400 miles off the coast in 2008. No deaths were reported, but
over 40 people were injured due to the intense roiling of the liner, which literally flung
people from one side of the cruise ship to the other.
2010: More than 350 of the 1,800 total passengers began to began to vomit and
complain of diarrhea and upset stomachs aboard Caribbean cruise ship Celebrity
Mercury in 2010. It was unclear what caused the outbreak, though Norovirus is often
blamed for the spreading of such symptoms in close quarters. Cases of the same
illness were reported on the Celebrity Mercury after this incident. Later that year,
Celebrity Cruises announced Celebrity Mercury was leaving the fleet.
January 2012: Cruise ship Costa Concordia struck a rock and turned on its side off
the shore of the Italian island of Giglio. One of the deadliest disasters in recent
history, the accident took the lives of 32 people from eight countries.
January 2014: Royal Caribbean's Explorer of the Seas was on a 10-day cruise in
January when a fast-moving bug left nearly 700 passengers and crew stricken with
vomiting and diarrhea. The CDC reports that this is the highest number of sick
people reported on any cruise ship in two decades.
February 2013: The Carnival Triumph cruise liner suffered a fire in the engine room
in February 2013, which knocked out the ship's engines, electricity and air
conditioning. Several of the 3,143 passengers 1,086 crew members on board the
ship in the Gulf of Mexico complained of "disgusting" conditions, including sewage
sloshing around in hallways, flooded rooms and trouble getting enough to eat.
April 2014: Norovirus was responsible for at least 83 sick passengers and crew
members aboard the Crown Princess, which arrived in San Diego with its ill
passengers.
2010: The Mediterranean cruise ship Louis Majesty was hit by a series of rogue
waves during a journey in 2010. The 26-foot tall waves collided with the vessel and
flooded it. Two passengers were killed, and several others were injured.