Classification Species of Organisms • There are approximately 2 million known species of organisms named – about 2/3 of these are insects and 99%
Download ReportTranscript Classification Species of Organisms • There are approximately 2 million known species of organisms named – about 2/3 of these are insects and 99%
Classification 1 Species of Organisms • There are approximately 2 million known species of organisms named – about 2/3 of these are insects and 99% of animal species are smaller than bumble bees! • This may be only 10% of all organisms that ever lived! • New organisms are still being found and identified – estimates of the total number of living species range from 5 to 30 million 2 Species of Organisms • 70% of world’s species exist in only 12 countries, that is Australia, Brazil, China, Columbia, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Mexico, Peru, and Zaire • 99% of all plant and animal species that have existed have already become extinct without leaving fossils – Stephen J. Gould (American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science) 3 What is Classification? • Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities • Classification is also known as taxonomy, i.e., the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms • Taxonomists are scientists that identify and name organisms 4 Benefits of Classifying • Accurately and uniformly names organisms • Prevents misnomers such as starfish and jellyfish that aren't really fish • Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”?? 5 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names 6 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists 7 Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg Common names can vary Example: mountain lion ______________ puma ______________ catamount ______________ cougar ______________ . . . are all names for the same animal universally accepted scientific name By using a _____________________________, scientists can be sure they are discussing 8 the same organism Common names vary Chipmunk (English) ________ German Streifenhornchen (______) Italian Tamia (______) Spanish Ardilla listada (______) 9 Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm 10 Early Taxonomists • Aristotle was the first taxonomist to group or classify organisms over 2000 years ago • Aristotle divided organisms into plants and animals • He subdivided animals by their habitat --land, sea, or air dwellers –-- and plants by their stems 11 Aristotle’s system PLANTS: Based on _________ kind of stem _________ By: Riedell ANIMALS: Based on where _________ they lived _________ 12 Early Taxonomists • John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming • His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant Did You Know? - The herbal remedies used by John Ray’s mother included the bark of white willow trees as a cure for headaches! - The terms ‘Petal’ and ‘Pollen’ were both used for the first time in John Ray’s Historia Plantarum. - John Ray was the first to study and record the complete life cycle of the butterfly. Ray’s Biography 13 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 • 18th century Swedish botanist and taxonomist • Classified organisms in hierarchies by their form and structure • Developed naming system still used today Linnaeus Biography 14 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 • Called the “Father of Taxonomy” • Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature • Two-word name (Genus and species) Linnaeus Biography 15 Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature uses: • Genus species • Latin or Greek • Italicized in print • Underline when writing • Capitalize genus, but NOT species Turdus migratorius American Robin 16 Wisconsin’s state bird Binomial Nomenclature A grizzly–polar bear hybrid (known as a Pizzly Bear or Grolar bear) is a rare ursid hybrid resulting from a union of a brown bear and a polar bear. It17 has occurred both in captivity and in the wild. Rules for Naming Organisms • The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms (TWO NAMES) • All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) • This prevents duplicated names 18 Classification Groups • Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed • There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific • Linnaeus’s system: Called for seven different taxa, to which we’ve since added Domain • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species 19 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups BROADEST TAXON • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum (Division – used for plants) • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species • “Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Gold Sets?” 20 Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Mammalia Class Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Panthera Species leo http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg 21 Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show 22 Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show 23 Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show 24 Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show 25 Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show 26 Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show 27 Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show 28 • Do • Kings • Play • Chess • On • Fine • Gold • Sets! 29 30 Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Eutheria More OFFICIAL Classification Order: Primates Suborder: Anthropoidea Superfamily: Hominoidea Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo 31 Look at these 3 organisms: BARNACLE CRAB http://greatescapetravel.com/album/MAUI2001/pages/molokini_kona_crab.html http://nearctica.com/ecology/habitats/barnacle.jpg http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/ LIMPET 32 BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishers© 2006 Judging by appearances you would probably put ______ and _______ limpets barnacles together in a group and crabs ____ in a different group. BUT LOOKS can be deceiving! 33 Look more closely! LIMPET BARNACLE Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different. CRAB Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have a segmented body Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. Limpets DON’T ! 34 Look more closely! LIMPET CRAB BARNACLE Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS ! Barnacles have a segmented body So do CRABS ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. So do CRABS ! 35 LIMPET SNAIL Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are ________. MOLLUSKS Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that MOLLUSKS barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to ________ http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/ 36 Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006 BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as ____________ CRUSTACEANS 37 MODERN TAXONOMY Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history = Evolutionary classification _____________________ 38 MODERN TAXONOMY The study of an organism’s evolutionary history = phylogeny 39 ____________is a system of classifying CLADISTICS organisms that considers only characteristics that are “new evolutionary innovations”. Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members = ______________ Derived characters 40 Derived characters can be used to construct a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms = ________ Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg cladogram 41 ________________ Derived characters appear at ________ branches of the _________ cladogram showing where they first arose. Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006 Cladograms help scientists understand how one lineage ____________ ______ branched from another 42 All of the classification methods discussed so far are based on physical similarities and differences ____________________________. Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits. EX: All living things use DNA and RNA ______________to pass on information and control growth. 43 http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the molecular _______ level ____. Similarities in DNA can be used to help _______________ determine classification __________ and evolutionary ________ relationships __________ between organisms. 44 http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif Humans have a gene that codes for a protein that helps our muscles move MYOSIN called __________ Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein, that enables internal cell parts to move. 45 http://universe-review.ca/I11-32-yeast.jpg Most closely-related to humans Most distantly-related to humans 46 Similarities in DNA can be used to relationships help show evolutionary ____________________ how species have changed and ____________________. African vulture American vulture Stork Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family. Storks were put in a separate family. 47 Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off African vulture American vulture Stork The only other bird that does this is the STORK. 48 Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a recent common ancestor more ______________________ between storks and American vultures African vulture American vulture Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 Stork 49 Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary time A model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently = ________________ MOLECULAR CLOCK 50 ____________ Mutationsoccur all the time and cause slight changes to the DNA code. Degree of _________ is an indication of how long ago two species dissimilarity shared a common ancestor 51 Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 Different genes accumulate ________ at different rates so there mutations are many molecular clocks “ticking”. http://www.kahlert.com/web/images/tech_clock.gif Allows scientists to time different kinds of evolutionary events, like using different hands on a clock. 52 Domains • Broadest, most inclusive taxon • Three domains • Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) • Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles 53 Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Domains are larger than Kingdoms and are based on the kind of Ribosomal RNA an organism has. ____________ 54 Domain Eukarya Divided into FOUR Kingdoms – SIX Kingdoms Total!! Eukarya • • • • • Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) Eubacteria (belong to domain – Bacteria -true bacteria) • Archaebacteria (belong to domain – Archae - extreme bacteria) 55 6 Kingdom System Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia 56 Kidspiration by Riedell Cell without a nucleus PROKARYOTE = ____________ REMEMBER (Includes bacteria) Cell with a nucleus and organelles surrounded by membranes = _________________ EUKARYOTE (includes plants and animals) Organism that can make its own food using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis = AUTOTROPH ______________ Organism that gets food energy from consuming other organisms = HETEROTROPH _____________ 57 A ONE-CELLED organism UNICELLULAR = _____________________ REMEMBER Organism made of many cells MULTICELLULAR = ______________ Polysaccharide made by joining glucose molecules together which makes plants sturdy = _________________ CELLULOSE http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/Biol115/Wyatt/default.htm 58 DOMAIN: BACTERIA KINGDOM: EUBACTERIA PROKARYOTES _______________________ UNICELLULAR ______________________ PEPTIDOGLYCAN Have cell walls with ________________ HETEROTROPHS Can beAUTOTROPHS ____________ or ______________ E. coli, Streptococcus EXAMPLES: _____________________ 59 http://chemiris.chem.binghamton.edu/ZHONG/research/bacteria3.jpg Eubacteria, some of which cause human diseases, are present in almost all habitats on earth. Live in the intestines of animals Many bacteria are important environmentally and commercially. 60 Polymer made of sugars and amino acids found outside the cell membrane in the cell PEPTIDOGLYCAN wall in some bacteria = ______________ 61 http://www.scq.ubc.ca/?p=481 DOMAIN: ARCHAEA KINGDOM: ARCHAEBACTERIA PROKARYOTES _________________ _________________ UNICELLULAR Have cell walls WITHOUT _________ peptidoglycan HETEROTROPHS Can beAUTOTROPHS ___________ or ______________ Halophiles; thermophiles; EXAMPLES: _____________________ LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS like volcanic hot springs, brine pools, low oxygen 62 http://www.teara.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/737B7002-C31D-418D-84C5-D0E68ED87BBB/134228/hero6483.jpg Organisms that can live in HIGH temperature environments = ________________ THERMOPHILES Organisms that can live in high salt environments HALOPHILES = ______________ 63 http://web0.greatbasin.net/~wigand/petespaleo/Columbus%20Salt%20Marsh.jpg Archaea live in harsh environments and may represent the first cells to have evolved. (Methanogens, Halophiles, and Thermophiles) Sewage treatment plants, thermal vents, etc. 64 DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: PLANTAE EUKARYOTES _______________________ MULTICELLULAR ______________________ CELLULOSE Have cell walls with ________________ and _____________ CHLOROPLASTS AUTOTROPHS _________________ Mosses, ferns, trees, EXAMPLES: _____________________ flowering plants http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg 65 Plantae • Multicellular • Autotrophic • Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis • Cell walls made of cellulose 66 http://www.millan.net DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: ANIMALIA EUKARYOTES _______________________ _____________________ MULTICELLULAR NO CELL WALLS CHLOROPLASTS ________________ or _______________ __________________ HETEROTROPHS Worms, insects, fish, EXAMPLES: _____________________ mammals, humans birds, 67 Animalia •Multicellular •Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food and digest it inside their bodies) •Feed on plants (herbivores), animals (carnivores), or both (omnivores) Conservation Status: Threatened 68 DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: FUNGI EUKARYOTES _______________________ ______________________ Most MULTICELLULAR; few UNICELLULAR CHITIN Have cell walls with ________________ _______________ HETEROTROPHS__________________________________ absorb nutrients from decaying _______________________ organic matter EXAMPLES: _____________________ Mushrooms, yeast http://www.ontarionature.org/home/images/mushrooms.jpg 69 Fungi • Multicellular, except yeast • Absorptive heterotrophs/ saprophytes (digest food outside their body, then absorb it) • Cell walls made of chitin; membrane contains fatty acids • Eukaryotic with nucleus and organelles 70 DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: PROTISTA EUKARYOTES _______________________ Most UNICELLULAR; some colonial/multi ______________________ CELLULOSE Some have cell walls with ________________ ____________________ Some have chloroplasts Can be _____________ or _____________ AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS Amoeba; Paramecium; Giant kelp; slime mold EXAMPLES: _____________________ 71 http://www.ravelgrane.com/pix/proj/draco/paramecium-nahrung.gif Protista • Protozoa, Algae, and Fungus-like protists • Most are unicellular; some are multicellular or colonial • Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic • All are eukaryotic with nuclei and complex organelles • Cell wall made of cellulose or other materials – contains fatty acids 72 Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Section 18-3 Classification of Living Things DOMAIN Bacteria Archaea KINGDOM ____________ Eubacteria Archaebacteria Eukarya Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote ____________ Cell walls with peptidoglycan Cell walls without peptidoglycan Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Cell walls ___________ of chitin ___________ Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts No cell walls or chloroplasts Unicellular _____________ Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Most multicellular; some unicellular Multicellular ___________ Multicellular ____________ MODE OF NUTRITION Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or _____________ Heterotroph _____________ Heterotroph Autotroph ___________ Heterotroph ____________ EXAMPLES Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Methanogens, halophiles Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Mushrooms, yeasts Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS 73 74 75 Systematics • Classifying organisms by natural relationships, according to similarities in: – Homologous structures (same structure, different function) – Similar embryo development – Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of proteins – Phylogeny – evolutionary or ancestral relationships among taxa 76 77 Homologous Structures show Similarities in mammals. Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos 78 Similarities in DNA can be used to relationships help show evolutionary ____________________ how species have changed and ____________________. African vulture American vulture Stork Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family. Storks were put in a separate family. 79 Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they defecate on their legs to cool off African vulture American vulture Stork The only other bird that does this is the STORK. 80 Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a recent common ancestor more ______________________ between storks and American vultures African vulture American vulture Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 Stork 81 Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared (feature that all members of a group have in common) and derived characteristics (feature that evolved only within the group under consideration), such as feathers, hair, or scales 82 Primate Cladogram Clade = group of organisms that includes an ancestor plus all of83its descendants Dichotomous Keying • Used to identify organisms • Characteristics given in pairs • Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism 84 • • • • • • Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone • 4a Balloon-shaped body– Jellyfish • 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 85 Example of Dichotomous Key •EXAMPLE: LEAF Dichotomous Key •EXAMPLE: Fish Classification Key •EXAMPLE: Arachnids and Insects Key 86