Mitigating Climate Change TACC Training Module 5 Objectives of the Module Discuss importance of mitigation as an essential component of addressing global climate.
Download ReportTranscript Mitigating Climate Change TACC Training Module 5 Objectives of the Module Discuss importance of mitigation as an essential component of addressing global climate.
Mitigating Climate Change TACC Training Module 5 1 Objectives of the Module Discuss importance of mitigation as an essential component of addressing global climate change Introduce and share examples for selecting effective mitigation options Introduce international programmes to support mitigation Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Overview Section 1: Introduction to Mitigation Section 2: Policy Approaches and Strategies to Foster Mitigation Section 3: Sectors with Mitigation Potential Section 4: International Support for Climate Change Mitigation Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 What is Climate Change Mitigation? Mitigation is any actions that cuts net emissions of greenhouse gases by: reducing sources of greenhouse gases Increasing sinks of greenhouse gases Source: Wordpress Includes but is not limited to technological, political, structural or financial action Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Mitigating Greenhouse Gases: A Shared Global Responsibility IPCC projects that global emissions need to be reduced by at least 50% by 2050 to limit temperature increase to 2ºC Developed countries will need to undertake majority of emission reduction Without emission reduction and mitigation in developing countries not possible to meet this goal Source: Fotolia Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 GHG Emissions by Country and Per Capita Annual CO2emissions (in thousands of metric tons) CO2 Emissions Per Capita (metric tons) Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 GHG Emissions by Groupings of Countries Source: IEA Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Mitigation: Opportunities for Developing Countries Access to financing to promote green growth Receive advanced technology from developed countries (technology transfer) Develop capacity to introduce and maintain new technologies Accelerate the path to a green economy and sustainable development Source: UNITAR Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Relevance of Mitigation for Sub-national Authorities Planning decisions with mitigation potential often taken at the sub-national level, for example Public transport Local energy supply Energy efficient buildings and construction Waste disposal sites Etc. Sub-national level can become front-runners in promoting a green economy Significant potential to reap co-benefits Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Co-Benefits Resulting from Mitigation Cost savings through improved energy efficiency Reduction in local air pollution resulting in improved health Enhanced diversity of energy mix and energy supply security Improved local employment, e.g. through decentralized energy production Improved local industrial development Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Embedding Low Carbon Growth within a Green Economy Greening the economy refers to the process of reconfiguring businesses and infrastructure to deliver better returns on natural, human and economic capital investments Greening the economy results in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, extracting and using less natural resources, creating less waste and reducing social disparities Necessitates reshaping and refocusing policies, investments and spending towards: Clean technologies Renewable energies Water services Green transportation Waste management Green buildings and Sustainable agriculture and forests May include sector-specific fiscal stimulus package Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Overview Section 1: Introduction to Mitigation Section 2: Policy Approaches and Strategies to Foster Mitigation Section 3: Sectors with Mitigation Potential Section 4: International Support for Climate Change Mitigation Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Integrating Mitigation into Sub-national and Local Planning Important to mainstream mitigation into sub-national and local development planning Relevant for all aspects of planning: structure, policies, systems and procedures Local measures and actions should complement and enhance national actions Cross sectoral co-ordination valuable to prevent incoherency across sectors Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Policy Instruments to Promote Mitigation and Clean Technology Regulations and standards Taxes and charges Tradable permits for carbon emissions Financial incentives Voluntary agreements Information instruments for the population Funding research in the area Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Questions to Assess Mitigation Options and New Technology What are the investment costs of introducing the option, both direct and indirect? What are the major obstacles to the investment? Is the option consistent with other policy goals (e.g. health goals) What capacities need to be in place to introduce the option? (e.g. institutional capacity, man-power, trainings etc.) Will the option perform well and in a sustainable manner? Is sufficient information available to make an informed choice? Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Criteria for Selecting Mitigation Options Environmental effectiveness Cost effectiveness Distributional effects (including equity) Institutional feasibility Source: Wordpress Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Reaping the Potential of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) CDM is a market mechanism under the Kyoto protocol to encourage mitigation Allows countries with emission-reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol to implement an emission-reduction project in developing countries Funding is provided by the Annex I country Projects must provide emission reductions that wouldn’t normally occur Approved CDM project can earn saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits “The CDM enables sustainable development projects in developing countries that reduce emissions or enhance sinks through afforestation or reforestation.” – UNFCCC Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Measuring and Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions Measuring GHGs becomes increasingly important UNFCCC Annex I Parties submit information on their national emissions inventories annually Non-Annex I Parties encouraged to submit communications including emissions inventories. Least developed countries are encouraged to submit a National Communication at their discretion Development of GHG inventories at various levels becomes increasingly important Specifically important for developing countries when participating in CDM, REDD etc Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Overview Section 1: Introduction to Mitigation Section 2: Policy Approaches and Strategies to Foster Mitigation Section 3: Sectors with Mitigation Potential Section 4: International Support for Climate Change Mitigation Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Sectors with Mitigation Potential Energy Industry Waste Transport Buildings Agriculture Forestry Source: The Guardian Source: UNITAR Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Mitigation Options: Energy Energy Production Enhance efficiency of existing power plants (e.g. replace old parts or whole plant) Carbon capture and sequestration at the point of production Switching of fuels (e.g. from coal to gas) Foster biofuels and renewables Enhance cogeneration Energy use Better housing insulation Solar water heating in homes Feed in tariffs for micro generation Regulation for minimum standards in energy efficiency etc Energy transportation and transmission Improved power grids Reduce leakages from pipelines Better transportation planning etc Source: US Geological Survey Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Mitigation Options: Industry Efficiency measures More efficient use of energy Better use of materials and recycling Improved process efficiency, particularly in steel and concrete industries Alternative methods of making concrete Using renewable energies Changes to: Products, locally sourced Better designed products and processes to reduce waste Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Mitigation Options: Waste Recuperation of methane from landfills to generate electricity Use of combined heat and power incinerators rather than use of landfills Establish waste levy on all waste going to municipal landfills Promote the use of less packaging, products and processes that create waste Increase urban solid waste recycling Reducing emissions from sewage treatment and anaerobic digestion of waste water Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Mitigation Options: Transport Efficiency technologies More aerodynamic cars Hybrid motor engines Reduced friction technologies Kinetic energy recovery breaking Alternative fuels Biofuels Electricity Hydrogen (fuel cells) Consumer behavior Buying smaller cars Driving more efficiently Increase share of rail and water transport Infrastructure/policy changes More accessible/affordable urban public transport More bicycle lanes Fuel taxes Traffic/congestion charges Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Mitigation Options: Buildings More energy efficient construction Change in building material (less embedded energy) Recycle building material Energy efficient design (natural cooling, heating, lighting) Reducing energy consumption in the building Source: wikimedia More efficient lighting (eco-bulbs) Insulation/heating for walls and ceiling Cooking (more efficient ovens, stoves) Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Mitigation Options: Buildings Switching to low carbon fuels for heating Controlling emissions of non-CO2 GHG gasses Air-conditioning Refrigerators Occupant behavior Awareness raising of behaviors Policies to encourage low-energy behaviors Subsidies and feed in tariffs for microgeneration Source: EnglishRussia.com Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Mitigation Options: Urban Planning Planning to develop compact/low carbon cities that need shorter trips less energy for pumping water and waste water reduced infrastructure needs Source: European Commission Consideration of mixed neighbourhoods Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Mitigation Options: Agriculture Restoration of cultivated organic soils (enhancing soil carbon sequestration) Improve agriculture infrastructure Better access to fuels Equipment Waste areas Improved cropland management (e.g. crop rotation, use of perennials, reducing slash and burn agriculture) Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Mitigation Options: Agriculture cont… Improved grazing land management Restoration of degraded lands (no toil policies, use of bio-char) Improved livestock management (substituting forage with oil-rich feeds, Waste management and methane recovery from waste) Agro-forestry practices and afforestation of abandoned areas/fallow land Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Mitigation Options: Forestry Maintaining or increasing forest area Increase plantations Eliminate illegal logging Maintaining or increasing site carbon density Promote voluntary certification schemes for sustainable forest management Increasing off site carbon stocks in wood products and enhancing product and fuel substitution Monitoring vulnerable forest areas (avoiding forest fires and pest attacks) Source: Scientific American Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Overview Section 1: Introduction to Mitigation Section 2: Policy Approaches and Strategies to Foster Mitigation Section 3: Sectors with Mitigation Potential Section 4: International Support for Climate Change Mitigation Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Nairobi Framework to Catalyze CDM Projects in Developing Countries The Nairobi Framework aims to help developing countries to improve their level of participation in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) The framework seeks to enable countries to identify, develop, submit and process CDM projects that will eventually lead to a considerable increase in CDM penetration Main focus of the framework Build capacity in developing CDM project activities Build and enhance capacity of CDM Designated National Authorities Promote investment opportunities for projects Improve information sharing, outreach, education, and training Foster Inter-agency coordination Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 Nairobi Framework Bazaar Established in 2007 to enhance access to information about CDM project opportunities Web-based facility Provides a market where people meet and information is exchanged (free, internet based) Creates space for project developers what their ideas and proposals are Promote services of experts, brokers, information platforms, other market platforms Expression of interest by buyers and investors Brokering of CDM initiatives www.cdmbazaar.net Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1 UN REDD Programme: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Seeks to create a financial value for the carbon stored in forests …in 46 partner countries in Africa, Asia-Pacific and Latin America, in two ways: Direct support to the design and implementation of UN-REDD National Programmes Complementary support through common approaches, analyses, methodologies, tools, data and best practices By July 2012, total funding for these two streams of support to countries was US$117.6 million REDD+ projects can include: Preventing deforestation and forest degradation Conservation of forests Sustainable management of forests Enhancement of forest carbon stocks Territorial Approach to Climate Change - Phase 1