Transcript Human-centered Design Methodology Petra Badke-Schaub Peter Lloyd Remko van der Lugt Norbert Roozenburg Design Theory and Methodology Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering.

Human-centered
Design Methodology
Petra Badke-Schaub
Peter Lloyd
Remko van der Lugt
Norbert Roozenburg
Design Theory and Methodology
Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering
team under construction
outline
1. Past:


Research Issues and Projects
Research Methods
2. Future:


Design Methodology: Limitations
Research Programm
1. the past 5 years
Aim: Understanding the design process
a.
b.
c.
d.
Reflective practice in design
Sketching during idea generation
Discourse analysis of design processes
Ethical decision-making
a. Reflective practice in design
Theoretical basis: reflective practice (Schön, 1983)
Empirical studies:
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Valkenburg 2000: analysis of design groups
Kleinsmann 2005: analysing barriers and enablers
of shared understanding in a multidisciplinary
project team in industry
McDonnell, Lloyd and Valkenburg 2004: VALiD
project – Video Assisted Learning in Design:
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
A team of designers filmed their own design process and
edited a film of the design process from the footage
Learning through watching the own footage, selecting
'important' bits and compiling the edited film.
b. Sketching during idea generation
Aim: evaluation of the use of methods in
particular phases of design
Empirical studies:

van der Lugt (2001, 2002): analysed the
relation between sketching and idea generation
using linkography


how are ideas deriving from visual information
how are they associated to, and built on, earlier ideas
in the session.
c. Discourse analysis of design processes
Aim: evaluation of the use of words, concepts
and assumptions during the design process
Empirical studies:
– Lloyd and Busby 2001: in design practice
– Lloyd 2002: in television programmes about
design processes
– Lloyd 2003: commentary on the design process
(story telling)
d. Ethical decision-making
Aim: to analyse ethical judgments in the
design process
Empirical studies:
– Lloyd and Busby 2003: analysis of discussions
and conversations of designers and the ethical
assumptions they use.
– Results:
• ethical judgments in technical disciplines are closely
related to aesthetic judgements
• discourse in design is highly normative
Research methods
how to get meaningful results?
“People who write about methodology often forget that it is a
matter of strategy, not of morals. There are neither good nor bad
methods, but only methods that are more or less effective under
particular circumstances in reaching objectives on the way to a
distant goal.” (Homans, 1949)
Research methods
Focus:
–
understanding designing as a human activity
Protocol analysis of design activity:
–
–
verbal and non-verbal aspects of individual design
processes
communication of design teams
Challenge:
–
Protocol analysis is based on large quantities of
empirical data two problems:
•
•
to manage the data effectively
to analyse the data meaningful
Research methods

–
Data Management
Linkography, a way of analyzing protocols of design activity
developed by Goldschmidt (1996)
•
–
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–
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setting links between moves, and then analyzing the resulting
link structure
Software Interact: direct coding of video footage without
transcribing the videotapes; segmentation on events or on
time sampling; overlapping codes,…
Data Analysis
segmentation of the design process, depending on the
matter of interest
the main emphasis is to create a categorization system
relating to the research question: THEORY
meaningful ways to interpret the data
2. Future
 Design Methodology: Limitations
 Research Programm
Design methodology
 provides insight into the complete process
 gives structure to the design process
 provides rules and methods during the design
process
 proposes general strategies of solving problems
independently of a branch of industry
Design Methodology: Limitations
An example
 3 laboratory teams and one team in industry have
been observed during their collective design
process
 communication has been recorded and analysed
sentence-by-sentence
 each utterance has been classified according to
the focus (content vs. process) and the action
(solution generation, ...)
Two strategies dealing with solution ideas
 new solution idea
- no further analysis immediate decision on
the solution idea
 methodological
perspective: ideas
should be first
analysed and then
evaluated:
Strategy 1
generate idea
+
questions or
misunderstanding?
-
evaluate idea
solution
satisficing?
+
alternative
solution/s?
-
analyse idea
+
accept idea
– a premature rejection
may discard a good
solution idea
– a premature adoption
of a solution idea may
prove later as
inadequate
Two strategies dealing with solution ideas
Strategy 2
generate idea/s
analyse idea/s
evaluate idea
+
solution
satisficing?
accept idea
+
alternative
solution/s?
-
 failure of process 1
 lack of common
understanding
 critical group
members
(advocatus diaboli)
 reflection
 use of methods
Limitations: Rational model
Two basic assumptions:
1. humans are perfect information
processors
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the designer is able to analyse the advantages and
disadvantages of any alternative
the designer is able to evaluate the objective
consequences of each alternative
the designer is able to select the alternative with
the maximum utility
2. an optimal solution can be determined

complete information is available
Limitations
Empirical Results: Designers rarely do
follow these predefined procedures


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
information is disregarded
information is forgotten
alternatives are not listed completely
consequences are neglected
instead of
1. rationality -> bounded rationality
2. maximising utility -> satisficing utility
(Simon, 1956)
Human information
processes
Design
methodology
Humans tend to
reduce complexity in
order to reduce
cognitive load.
1. does not relate to
cognitive and
motivational
characteristics
Perceived difficulty
of a task and the nonavailability of
solutions reduce one’s
feeling of competence
and self-efficacy.
2. does not relate to
situational
characteristics, such
as time-constraints
3. does not relate to
the social context,
such as cooperation
and conflict
Design methodology:
aims to provide the designer with a wellstructured procedure and support in
applying available design techniques.
needs
Theories of human thinking and acting in
complex environments. -
Psychology
 develops and applies theories about human
behaviour in different contexts
Network of designing
 designing as a form of
complex problem solving
in an environment with
various interconnected
influences
Individual
designer
Task / Problem
Design process
Group context
 understanding design
needs to ‘identify’ this
network of designing.
That means design
research has to
encompass the various
fields
Organisational
context
Product
experience
creativity
heterogeneity
group climate
leadership
project
management
Individual
designer
Task / Problem
demands
novelty
Group context
information
transfer
decision making
Organisational
context
innovativenes
fulfilment of
requirements
Product
An integrated research approach
Empirical level
Theoretical level
Applied level
empirical
evaluation of
theories and
methods
adaptation and
integration of
theoretical
concepts
adaptation and
development of
methods
human-centred design methodology
Evaluation of
hypotheses about
the thinking and
acting processes
Integration of
proven concepts and
modification by the
empirical data
Adaptation of
existing methods
and development of
new methods
Project: Mental models in design teams
Individual
 How do mental models as individual unique
constructions develop during designing?
Group
 How do design teams establish common mental
models? How do design teams integrate different
mental models? When and how do design teams
modify mental models?
Organizational context
 How efficient is the use of a guideline supporting
the adequate use of mental models in design
practice?
Lots of interesting
issues remain for
the next 5 years