HIST 1114

Renaissance and Reformation

Dr Niall Christie Office Hours: Monday 11:30 am-2:30 pm; Tuesday and Thursday, 2:30-3:30 pm; or by appointment Copy of outline on the web at:

Some terms: Renaissance Giorgio Vasari (1511-74) Period from 14th c. Italian cultural movement to mid-17th century

Some terms: Reformation 19th-century term Period starting with reform activities of Martin Luther in early 16th c., to end of religious wars in mid-17th century, incl. Catholic and Protestant reformations

Some terms: Early Modern Period Approximately 1450-1750

Story so far to 1300 AD..

Political Developments Religion Education and Culture Social History

Map Link: Reference Map of the European Provinces of the Roman Empire: < http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd_1911/ shepherd-c-038-039.jpg

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3rd-4th c. Fall of Roman Empire Eastern empire becomes Byzantine Empire, based at Constantinople Western empire becomes patchwork of states

Map Link: Europe in the 12th Century: < http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/ europe_12thcentury_1884.jpg

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1300 Feudal system beginning to break down scutage Divine right of kings

Religion

In 1300 most western Europeans are Catholic Christians Innocent III (p. 1198-1216) 1215 Fourth Lateran Council Papal Monarchy

Pope Cardinals Major Orders Archbishops/Bishops Cathedral Canons Archdeacons (usually 4 archdeaconries/diocese) Rural Deans Parish Rector Vicar or Curate Chaplains, Deacons and Subdeacons (not beneficed) Minor Orders (allowed to marry)

Monasteries and nunneries Friars – Franciscans and Dominicans Canons – Augustinians Military Orders – Templars, Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights

Education and Culture

Most scholars are clergy Late 12th/early 13th c. Expansion of education system in Europe, incl. foundation of universities Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) 12th c. Recovery of Aristotle

Growth of vernacular literature

Song of Roland

Old French epic poem, earliest version from c. 1100

The Golden Legend (c. 1260), by Jacobus de Voragine (1228/30-98) Compilation of lives of saints, as well as events in lives of Christ and Virgin Mary

Social History

manorial/seignorial system 9th-11th c. peasants becoming serfs in exchange for protection 12th-13th c. Serfs gaining freedom through bribery, education, civil resistance, law

12th-13th c. Growth of towns as commercial centres Guilds and town councils

Women: position in mediaeval society?

Others: Non-Christians or non-Catholics – merchants, slaves, P.O.W.s

Non-Christians also incl. large Jewish communities throughout Europe