Transcript Chapter 10 Incarceration Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th Prison Operations: budget & programs Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th.

Chapter 10
Incarceration
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
Prison Operations:
budget & programs
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
“classification”
definition
 process
by which prisoner is categorized
regarding security & treatment needs & is
assigned to custody level (ie, prison),
supervision level (within prison), &
treatment programs
 Ideally, based on psychology, education,
vocational, health, other needs
 classification determines:
 prison site
 housing assignment
 work assignment
 availability of treatment programs
 good time available (eg, Colorado)
 today:
classification = f (RISK)!
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
3 models of incarceration
 custodial


emphasizes security, discipline, order
dominates maximum security prisons
 rehabilitation
emphasizes provision of treatment programs
designed to reform the offender
 developed in 1950s; out of favor today

 reintegration
emphasizes maintenance of the offender’s ties
to family & community as a method of reform,
recognizing that the offender will be returning
to community
 linked to community corrections

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main designs of US prisons
radial
courtyard
telephone pole
campus
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Prison security levels:
a caveat
 there
are no national design or
classification “standards” regarding
different levels of security.
a “maximum” security prison in one state may
appear much like a “medium” security prison
in another.
 prison crowding has further blurred the
distinction between maximum & medium
security prisons, even within a state.

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“maximum
security”
definition
 prison
designed, organized, &
operated to minimize the
possibility of escapes & violence;
imposes strict limitations on the
movement & freedom of inmates
& visitors
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“maximum security” prison
Cal. State Prison, Sacramento--“new Folsom”
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“medium
security”
definition
 prison
designed, organized, &
operated to prevent escapes &
violence, but in which restrictions
on inmates & visitors are less
rigid than in maximum security
facilities
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“medium security” prison
California State Prison, Solano
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“minimum
security”
definition
 prison
designed, organized, &
operated to permit inmates &
visitors as much freedom as is
consistent with the concept of
incarceration
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“minimum security” prison
California Institution for Men, Chino
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the “super-max”
 created
to house the “worst of the worst”-incorrigible, violent, assaultive, disruptive
inmates, & prison gang members-- who
require close & constant supervision


house 100,000 men (8 -10% of total in custody)
created by federal government; 38 states
 Administrative Maximum Facility (ADX)
Florence, Colorado
 Pelican Bay State Prison (SHU)
 Northern Correctional Institute -Connecticut
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Pelican Bay State Prison
Crescent City, Ca (“super-max”)
Security Housing Unit
level IV prison
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Prison Profiles
a look at the joints
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
types of American prisons,
by state v. federal jurisdiction
94%
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
6%
10%
0%
state operated prisons
federally operated prisons
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where inmates are housed,
percent of all U.S. inmates
by security level
47%
50%
45%
40%
35%
35%
30%
25%
18%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
maximum security
medium security
minimum se curity
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where inmates are housed,
by security level in state & federal prisons
percent of all U.S. inmates
80%
minimum
73%
medium
70%
maximum
60%
50%
40%
47%
35%
30%
18%
20%
20%
7%
10%
0%
State
Federal
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types of American prisons,
by gender of inmate population
100%
90%
80%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
10%
male institutions
female institutions
10%
both
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Prisoner Profiles:
who’s doing time?
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
state prisoner profile
% of adult inmates in state prisons
inmate gender
100%
93%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
7%
20%
10%
0%
male
female
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state prisoner profile
% of adult inmates in state prisons
age
38%
40%
35%
29%
30%
25%
19%
20%
15%
10%
10%
5%
2%
1%
1%
0%
<18
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
>64
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state prisoner profile
% of adult inmates in state prisons
education
50%
46%
45%
40%
35%
30%
22%
25%
19%
20%
12%
15%
10%
5%
0%
8th grade or
less
some high
school
high school some college
grad.
or more
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state prisoner profile
% of adult inmates in state prisons
offense
50%
48%
45%
40%
35%
30%
21%
25%
21%
20%
15%
10%
10%
5%
0%
violent
property
drug
public order
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state prisoner profile
% of adult inmates in state prisons
criminal record
60%
60%
45%
50%
40%
30%
20%
20%
10%
0%
two or more
three or more
six or more
# times previously incarcerated or on probation
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“race”
definition
 traditionally,
a biological concept
used to distinguish humankind
into categories related to skin
color & other physical features
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“ethnicity”
definition
 concept
used to distinguish people
according to their cultural
characteristics--language, religion,
& group traditions
ethnicity
can be used to further
distinguish not only among white
individuals, but among African
Americans, as well.
it can also be used to even further
subdivide Hispanics.
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
Race/Ethnicity of US inmates
Other
3%
AfricanAmerican
46%
White
33%
Hispanic
18%
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incarceration rates for males
racial/ethnic groups
number of men incarcerated
per 100,000 of each group
4,000
3,457
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,220
1,500
1,000
449
500
0
African-American
Hispanic
White
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% of black men in prison
vs. % in U.S. population
46%
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
12%
15%
10%
5%
0%
% of general population
that is Black
% of prison population
that is Black
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Drug sentences:
The New Demon
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
state & federal populations,
by drug offense or not
other
79%
other
40%
drugs
60%
drugs
21%
state prisons
federal prisons
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federal prison populations,
by type of offense, over time (1985 -’97)
Public Violent
order 13%
Property
18%
Public
Orde r
10%
9%
Violent
31%
Drug
38%
Property
21%
1985
pop. = 31,000
Drug
60%
1997
pop. = 150,000
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state prison populations,
by type of offense, over time (1985 -’97)
Drug
9%
Public
order
10%
Public
Order
5%
Property
31%
Violent
55%
Drug
21%
Violent
48%
Property
21%
pop. = 450,000
1985
pop. = 1,600,000
1997
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new prison populations with
special problems or needs
“new” populations
prisoners
with
HIV/AIDS
mentally ill
prisoners
elderly
prisoners
prisoners
with long
terms
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
Evolution of Private prisons:
“own a piece of the rock-pile”
Marion Adjustment Center
1st privately owned & operated
facility for adult felons, 1986
•Kentucky
•US Corrections Corp.
Intensive Treatment Unit
Weaversville, Pennsylvania
--1st privately operated secure
correctional facility, 1975
•20-bed, high security
•dormitory-style
•training school
•juvenile delinquents
•RCA Corporation
today:
$1 billion
annual
operation!
non-profit
organizations
1960s
•halfway houses
•group homes
•juvenile care
•work release
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private prisons
the key players
Corrections
Corporation
of America
3/4 of
the
market
Wackenhut
Corrections
Corporation
the business of private prisons:
$
$
$
$
launched in 1980s, spurred by massive state prison boom
$1 billion yearly operation in U.S.
158 private prisons in U.S.
119,813 adults incarcerated in private prisons in U.S.
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models for public/private control of
corrections
ownership
Public
operating
authority
Private
Public
Private
Conventional
public facili ty
(fully publi c)
Lease or leasepurchase
arrangements
Contracted
management
& operations
Fully p rivate
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issues for private corrections
costs &
profitability
issues
liability &
accountability
ethics &
politics
level of
services
offender
types
employment,
training, &
salaries
compliance
with state law
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
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Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
“radial design”
Eastern State Penitentiary, Philadelphia
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“telephone pole design”
Correctional Training Facility, Soledad, Ca.
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“courtyard design” (modified) California
Men’s Colony, San Luis Obispo
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“campus design”
California Institutiona for Women, Frontera
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th