Transcript Macromolecules Warm up What does your body do with the biomolecules that you eat?

Macromolecules
Warm up
What does your body do with the
biomolecules that you eat?
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Organic Compounds
• Compounds that contain CARBON
are called organic.
• Macromolecules are large organic
molecules.
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Carbon (C)
• Carbon has 4 electrons in outer
shell.
• Carbon can form covalent bonds
with as many as 4 other atoms
(elements).
• Usually with C, H, O or N.
• Example: CH4(methane)
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Macromolecules
• Large organic molecules.
– called POLYMERS.
• Made up of smaller “building blocks”
– called MONOMERS.
• Examples:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
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Carbohydrates
#1 function of a carbohydrate is
short term energy storage.
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Carbohydrates
• Small sugar molecules to large sugar
molecules.
• Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
– 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O
• Examples:
monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Examples:
glucose
glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribose
ribose
Fructose
Galactose
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Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples:
– Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
– Lactose (glucose+galactose)
– Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose
glucose
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Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
cellulose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
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Lipids
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Lipids
• General term for compounds which are
not soluble in water.
• Lipids have no charge
• Examples:
Fats
Phospholipids
Steroid hormones
Waxes
Oils
Triglycerides
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Lipids
Six functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss
(insulation)
3. Protection against physical shock
4. Protection against water loss
5. Chemical messengers (hormones)
6. Major component of membranes
(phospholipids)
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Lipids
Triglycerides:
composed of 1 glycerol and 3
fatty acids.
H
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
fatty acids
H-C----O C-CH -CH -CH -CH
2
2
2
H
glycerol
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Fatty Acids
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see
these on food labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds
(bad)
O
saturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds
(good)
O
unsaturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
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Proteins
Amino acids (20 different kinds of
aa) bonded together by peptide bonds
forming polypeptide chains
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
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Proteins (Polypeptides)
Six functions of proteins:
Storage - albumin like egg white
Transport - hemoglobin
Regulatory - hormones
Movement - muscles
Structural - membranes,hair,nails
Enzymes - cellular reactions
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Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together
by peptide bonds (straight
chains)
Amino Acids (aa)
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
Peptide Bonds
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Enzyme
a special kind of protein
• Change the rate of a chemical reaction.
• Are involved in nearly all metabolic
processes.
– Speed up the reaction of digestion of
food
– Affect the assembly of molecules
– Affect the storage and release of energy
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Lock & Key
Action of Enzymes:
Enzymes act on a specific substrate like
sucrose
Each substrate fits into an area of the
enzyme called the active site – lock and key
The products are released – bonds are
broken
The enzyme is released and can attach to
other substrates
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Nucleic Acids
Stores the cellular information
of the organism in the form
of a code
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Nucleic acids
Mrs. Johnson’s FAVORITE macromolecule!!
• Two types:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNAdouble helix)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single
strand)
• Nucleic acids are composed of long
chains of nucleotides
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Nucleic acids
Nucleotides are made up of a
Phosphate group, a Sugar, and the
Nitrogenous bases adenine (A),
cytosine (C), thymine (T) DNA only, uracil
(U) RNA only, & guanine (G)
RNA Nucleotides contain the sugar ribose
DNA Nucleotides contain the sugar
deoxyribose
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Nucleotide
Phosphate
Group
O
O=P-O
O
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CH2
O
N
C1
C4
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3
C2
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DNA - double helix
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O
3
3
O
P
5
O
C
G
1
P
5
3
2
4
4
2
3
1
P
T
5
A
P
3
O
O
P
5
O
3
5
P
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