Transcript Marieb’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Marieb w Hoehn Chapter 3 Mitochondria Cell Respiration Lecture 5 Lecture Overview • Mitochondria • The Strategy of Cell Metabolism • Intro to Cellular.

Marieb’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Marieb w Hoehn
Chapter 3
Mitochondria
Cell Respiration
Lecture 5
1
Lecture Overview
• Mitochondria
• The Strategy of Cell Metabolism
• Intro to Cellular Respiration
– Glycolysis
– TCA cycle
– Electron Transport
2
A Closer Look at Mitochondria
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
(Impermeable to charged or polar molecules)
Mitochondria
• membranous sacs with
inner partitions
• contain their own DNA
• generate energy
Strategically
placed in cell
where ATP
demand is high
Concentration of enzymes in the matrix is so high that there is
virtually no hydrating water. Enzyme-linked reactions and
pathways are so crowded that normal rules of diffusion do not apply!
3
Overview of Cellular Metabolism
Metabolism – All
the chemical
reactions that
occur in an
organism
ETS
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
4
Overview of Catabolism
Figure from: Martini, Visual Anatomy & Physiology, Pearson, 2011
5
Overview of Glucose Breakdown
NAD+
NADH
NAD+
NADH
NAD+, FAD
NADH
FADH2
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
6
Overview of Cellular Respiration
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
Anaerobic
ATP
e-
*Most ATP from here
Cellular
respiration
(aerobic)
e-
ETS (ETC)
+ e-
e-
ATP
• Structural – Functional Relationship - Inner membrane:
• Contains Matrix where TCA cycle takes place
• Has enzymes and molecules that allow Electron Transport System to be carried out
7
Source of e- for the Electron Transport Chain
Figure from: Hole’s Human
A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Notice the flow
of electrons to
the Electron
Transport Chain
8
Electron Transport Chain
• NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to the ETC
• ETC series of electron carriers located in cristae of
mitochondria
• energy from electrons transferred to ATP synthase
• ATP synthase catalyzes the oxidative phosphorylation of
ADP to ATP
• water is formed
*Chemiosmosis
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
9
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis, Chemiosmotic coupling,
or Chemiosmotic phosphorylation
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
10
Anaerobic Glycolysis & Lactic Acid
During glycolysis, if O2 is not
present in sufficient quantity,
lactic acid is generated to keep
glycolysis going so it continues
to generate ATP (even without
mitochondria)
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
NOTE what happens with and
without O2 being available…
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Review
• Cellular respiration
– The metabolic processes by which ATP is produced
– Major cellular steps:
• Glycolysis
– Cytoplasm
– Anaerobic
• TCA (Krebs, Citric Acid) cycle
– Mitochondria
– Aerobic
• Electron Transport Chain
– Mitochondria
– Aerobic
– Most ATP produced here
12
Review
• The goal of metabolism
– provide the cell with energy (via catabolism; breakdown)
and
– materials for the manufacture of cellular components (via
anabolism; synthesis, building up)
• Cell Nucleus
– Nuclear envelope (membrane)
•
•
porous double membrane
separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm (*eukaryotes only)
• Nucleoli – RNA organizing centers
• Chromatin – combination of DNA and RNA
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