Transcript Towards clean, just and democratic energy development in Thailand and South-east Asia Palang Thai Chris & Chom Greacen 16 April 2009

Towards clean, just and democratic
energy development
in Thailand and South-east Asia
Palang Thai
Chris & Chom Greacen
16 April 2009
Palang Thai พลังไท
พลัง (palang): n 1. Power. 2. Empowerment.
ไท (thai): adj. 1. Independence. 2. Self-reliance
• Thailand NGO
• Objective:
– To ensure that the transformations that occur in the
region's energy sector: augment, rather than undermine,
social and environmental justice and sustainability.
• Key approaches:
– We teach hands-on energy technology
– We draft / comment on policies
– We work to empower citizens to look critically at
government and industry projects and plans
– We advocate structural reform
Outline
• Technical ‘do it yourself’ capacity building
– Solar electricity for medical clinics in Karen-controlled
Burma
– Micro-hydropower
– Refugee camp
• Energy politics and policy
– Bo Nok / Hin Krud – stopping a silly power plant
– Very Small Power Producer (VSPP) program
– Pak Mun dam
– EGAT privatization injunction / reversal
Thailand in context
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• Constitutional monarchy with a
parliamentary system (similar to
England)
• Size: about 4/5 of California
• Population: 66 million (2x that of
CA)
• GDP (PPP): $553 billion (1/3 of CA’s)
• GDP per capita: $8,500 (1/6 of
CA’s)
• Energy consumption: 57 million
BTU (1/4 of CA’s)
• Peak power demand: 23 GW (<half
of CA’s)
• 99.8% of villages are electrified
ELECTRICITY GENERATING AUTHORITY OF THAILAND
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ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM OF THAILAND
SYSTEM PLANNING DIVISION
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLANNING DEPARTMENT
ISSUED DATE : JANUARY 2007
DWG. NO. EPS 2002
•Conflict area
•Little/no rural
electrification
•Joint effort:
•TOPS (Taiwan),
•Palang Thai (Thailand),
•Green Empowerment
(USA),
•ZOA (Netherlands)
Border
Green
Energy
Team
Solar
electricity
for 35
medical
clinics for
internally
displaced
inside
Burma
Up to 2 million internally displaced people in
Burma
Ruggedized solar electric systems built by
medics in 3-5 day hands-on trainings
• 8 trainings (2003-2008)
• >90 medics trained
• 35 clinics
Community
micro-hydro
(12 villages)
Micro-hydroelectricity
Source: Inversin, A. R. (1986). Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook.
Kre Khi village, Tak Province
1 kW for school, clinic, church
Cost: <$3,500
(turbine $250)
Head: 10 meters
Flow: 15 lit/sec
Video… Mae Wei
Border
Green
Energy
Team
Refugee
camp
trainings
Solar/micro-hydro vocational education
training
Mae La refugee camp
Sept 2005
So far:
Solar PV
Micro-hydro
Hydraulic ram pump
Solar cooking
7 hybrid solar/diesel systems
Biogas
Solar/diesel hybrid systems for
computer training centers in 7
refugee camps
Border
Green
Energy
Team
Maintenance &
repair trainings
for > 14,000
Thai solar home
systems
Thai government solar
home program
203,000 solar home systems
US$200 million
No maintenance plan
23% failure rate within 20 months
Most of Palang Thai’s work is on
policy & planning level…
Bonok-Ban Krud story
Bonok Bankrud
Power Demand: Projections vs. Actual 1992 - 2008
MW
48,000
44,000
40,000
36,000
32,000
28,000
24,000
มิ.ย.-93
ธ.ค.-94
ต.ค.-95
เม.ย.-96
ต.ค.-96
มิ.ย.-97
ก.ย.-97
Sep-98(MER)
ก.พ.-01
ส.ค.-02
Jan-04(LEG)
Jan-04(MEG)
Apr-06 (MEG)
มี.ค.-07
ACTUAL
ธ.ค.-08
20,000
16,000
12,000
8,000
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
Linear versus exponential extrapolation
50000
24 power plants
45000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
2007 Forecast
Historic peak demand trend
2021
2019
2017
2015
2013
2011
2009
2007
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
0
1985
Peak demand (MW)
40000
Very Small Power Producer (VSPP) regulations
Villagers: ‘our power plant’
Korat Waste to Energy - biogas
• Uses waste water from
cassava to make methane
• Produces gas for all factory
heat (30 MW thermal) + 3 MW
of electricity
• 3 x 1 MW gas generators
Reduces air and water pollution
Biogas from
Pig Farms
Produces fertilizer
Produces electricity
8 x 70 kW generator
Ratchaburi
VSPP
summary
June 2008
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
solar
bagasse
rice husk
other biomass (saw dust, palm)
municipal waste
biogas
wind
hydro
300
200
100
0
selling
biodiesel
permission
applied
MW
Pak Mun Dam Story
• A World Bank funded
project completed in 1994
• Run-of-river 126 MW
hydroelectric dam on a
main tributary of Mekong
River
• Source of on-going
conflicts due to impacts
on fish migration and
livelihood of people
Photo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Mun_dam
Electricity production
and consumption
(GWh)
Source: MEA, EGAT, Searin, Graphic: Green World Foundation
Impacts of Pak
Mun Dam alone
1700 families
relocated
Loss of 116
fish species (44%)
Fishery yield
down 80%
Pak Mun
Loss of livelihood
for >6200 families
Dams
Mae
Hong
Song
Malls
65
Province
There are 16 provinces (out of total 76) that consume less
electricity than three Bangkok malls combined
Siam Paragon
Province
123
MBK
81
278
GWh
Central World
75
Source: MEA 2006
GWh/year
GWh
Mae Hong Song
65
Amnart Charoen
110
Nong Bua Lamphu
175
Yasotorn
188
Uthai Thani
193
Payao
211
Muktahan
219
Satun
230
Samut Songkhram
237
Leoi
246
Prae
254
Patalung
258
Narathiwas
278
Ranong
278
Source: DEDE 2006
้
การกระจายตัวของการใชไฟฟ้
าแยกตามพืน
้ ที่
Distribution of electricity consumption by region
South
North
เหนือ
8.11%
ใต้
7.84%
Northeast อืสาน
8.92%
Central
ภาคกลาง
75.14%
Source: Figure 19, Statistical Report Fiscal Year 2003 Power Forecast and Statistics Analysis Department System Control
and Operation Division. Report No. SOD-FSSR-0404-05
Per capita carbon emission (tons/yr)
7.3
7.1
5.7
5.9
11.4
Country
average
5.4
World
avg
Tokyo
Source: Green World Foundation
San Francisco
New York
London
Bangkok
Carbon emission per year
thousand
tons
Annual CO2
Emissions
Increase: 12%
Second
highest in world!
344 Million
tonnes (1%)
21st highest
in world
Source: Green World Foundation
Percentage growth of national total per capita CO2 emission
WRI
Source: Sirinthorthep Taoprayoon, 2006
0.05%
of users
Bangkok
Electricity
15,130
GWh
30% of
Thai total
Megamalls
Office Buildings
Large factories
537
0.4%
of users
139
20%
of users
16
Households
901
0.8%
of users
Small users
0.1%
of users
Medium users
Specific
Large users
Hotels, condos Medium
business
Government
Electricity use by customer category (GWh)
78.6%
of users
6
Source : MEA (2006), Green World Foundation
Unlimited living?
http://www.soho-properties.com/condobangkok-leraffine31/
Nam Theun 2
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1000 MW
Mainly to serve Thailand
6,200 people in Laos resettled
Dam will dry Nam Theun
River and swell Xe Bung Fai
River
• Endangered species,
elephant habitat to be flooded
Relentless
consumption
of energy in
Thailand
leads to
imports and
exploitation
of energy
resources in
neighboring
countries
For more information
Chom and Chris Greacen
Palang Thai
[email protected]
[email protected]
Skype: chrisgreacen
www.palangthai.org