Transcript Measurement of the Socio-economic Conditions of Migrants : some comments Jean Christophe Dumont OECD, Head of International Migration Division, Directorate for Employment, Labour and.

Measurement of the Socio-economic
Conditions of Migrants : some comments
Jean Christophe Dumont
OECD, Head of International Migration Division, Directorate
for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs
UNECE, Work session on Migration Statistics,
Geneva, 17-19 October 2012
Outline of the presentation
1. Key measurement issues
2. Value added of international comparisons
3. OECD approach to measuring integration
in an international comparison
2
1. Key measurement issues
• Measuring outcomes
• Identifying migrant groups and levels of
observation
• Comparing immigrants: with whom?
• Measuring progress
• Making choices
•Labour
• Labour market outcomes
•Education
• Early school leavers
• Educational attainment
•Social inclusion
• Median income
• Poverty
• Health status
• Overcrowding
Individual and household
characteristics
• Labour
• Labour market outcomes
• Job characteristics
• Education
• Early childhood attendance
• Outcomes at the end of
compulsary school
• Educational attainment of
children of immigrants
• Income distribution
and poverty
• Health status and
access to health care
• Housing (physical and
financial conditions)
•Active citizenship
• Acquisition of nationality
• Permanent and long-term
residents
• Elected representatives
• Demography
• Contextual indicators
• Civic engagement
• Acquisition of nationality
• Voting
• Discrimination
UNECE
•General population
characteristics
OECD
Eurostat
Measuring outcomes
•Individual and household
characteristics
•Fertility, mixed marriages
•Residential mobility, housing
• Labour market (tbd)
• Education
• Access to training
• process of credential
recognition
• Skill and job match
• Economic well-being
(tbd)
• Health (tbd)
• Social characteristics
(tbc)
• Sense of affiliation with the
host country (+dual
citizenship)
• Volunteering
• Participation in social and
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civic groups
Migrant groups and level of observation
All migrants
By specific
country or
region of origin
By other
individual
characteristics
Comparing immigrants: with whom?
Comparison
between
immigrant
groups
Comparison
with a
« reference »
group
Comparison
over time
Immigrants’
specific features
(origin, language
proficiency,
citizenship)
« reference » group:
Total population;
Non-immigrants;
Non-immigrants
with same
characteristics
Data issues in
measuring
progress over time
Calculation of
differences in rates
between the
different groups
Calculation of
differences
(observed and
assuming same
socio-demographic
structure)
Differences in
percentage points
or in % (growth
rate)
Measuring progress
• Progress in human and social capital
(individual characteristics) vs. outcomes
• Relative vs. absolute
• Changes over time
o in average outcomes
o progress over time for specific cohorts
(ie. by duration of stay)
o along the life cycle
Making choices
• Availability of data
• Policy implications
• National vs. international perspective
 No good/bad choices but different
perspectives and constraints
 Developing guidelines for measuring the
integration of immigrants and their children
2. Value added of international comparisons
• Provide benchmarks for national
performance.
• Show features that are not visible by
looking at national data alone.
• Permit generalisations across countries.
• Help to focus on the right questions.
9
Providing benchmarks for national performance
How well do immigrants as a group do in the labour market?
Unemployment rates of immigrants compared with the native-born
in selected OECD countries, 2009/10 (% points)
12
10
8
Higher
unemployment
rates than the
ones of the
native-born
population
6
4
2
0
Lower
unemployment
rates than the
ones of the
native-born
population
10
Showing things that are not visible from national data alone
How quick is the integration in the labour market?
Employment rates over the first 10 years of residence
% of the labour force Cohort 1998-2000
11
Permitting generalisations across countries:
Persons living in foreign-born households are more at risk of living in poverty –
The situation is generally worse for families with children
Poverty rates of persons 15+ and children living in a foreign-born household
Differences with the rates of persons/children living in a native-born household (% points)
Higher poverty
rates than the
ones of
persons/children
in a native-born
household
Lower poverty
rates than the
ones of
persons/children
in a native-born
household
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Helping to focus on the right questions:
There is as much concentration of children of immigrants
in the settlement countries as in Europe…
The distribution of pupils in schools with different concentrations
of children of immigrants
Australia, Canada, New Zealand
Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Sweden
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
0%-10%
10%-20%
Native
20%-30%
Second-Gen
30%-45%
First-Gen
45%-100%
0%-10%
10%-20%
20%-30%
Native
Second-Gen
30%-45%
45%-100%
First-Gen
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Helping to focus on the right questions:
…but is immigrant concentration in schools necessarily related to good results?
Differences in PISA scores by immigrant concentration, 2006
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3. OECD approach to the indicators of integration
 Focus on the foreign-born and their children
 Compare with natives and their children
 Account for the integration context
and disaggregate by country of origin
 Adjust for differences in socio-economic
characteristics
 Monitor progresses
 Of immigrant populations over time
 Following arrival
 Intergenerational (outcomes of offspring of immigrants as a
benchmark for integration)
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