Transcript Slide 1 Ch 7 Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II Rule ordering – when there are multiple rules in the data, we have.

Slide 1
Ch 7
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Rule ordering – when there are multiple rules in the data, we have to
decide if these rules interact with each other and how to order those rules
to arrive at the correct outcome (surface forms as presented by the data).
Ch 7
Slide 2
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Consider the following English data.
What are the two rules observed in these data?
Liquid devoicing: Liquids become voiceless after a voiceless stop at the
beginning of a syllable.
Schwa deletion: Schwa is deleted in an open syllable followed by a stressed
syllable.
Slide 3
Ch 7
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Rule application and derivation and order:
Feeding = Two rules are said to be in a feeding order if the earlier rule creates
environments in which the later rule can apply.
Bleeding = If two rules, A and B, are in a bleeding order, the application of rule
A causes a decrease in the number of forms to which rule B can apply. An
example: suppose rule A changes some consonants from voiceless to voiced in
some environments and rule B only applies to voiceless consonants. The
application of rule A before rule B would mean that fewer forms are available
for rule B to apply to.
Counter Feeding = The ordering of two phonological rules so that Rule A,
which could provide contexts for the operation of Rule B, is prevented from
doing so by being ordered after Rule B
Counter Bleeding = The ordering of two phonological rules so that Rule A,
which could remove contexts in which Rule B operates, is prevented from doing
so by being ordered after Rule B.
Slide 4
Ch 7
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Rule application and derivation:
The predictable processes applying to the UR forms to derive the PR
Output (PR) does not match data!
Ch 7
Slide 5
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Rule application and derivation:
The predictable processes applying to the UR forms to derive the PR
With respect to order of these rules and the actual outcome, what
relationship must they occur in?
Feeding
Ch 7
Slide 6
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
 Canadian Raising
Slide 7
Ch 7
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Rule ordering:
Canadian raising - which rule applies is important for the outcome
flapping = tapping
Slide 8
Ch 7
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Rule ordering:
Canadian raising - which rule applies is important for the outcome
This order predicts the actual speech correctly – what
relationship are these rules in?
Bleeding
Slide 9
Ch 7
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
If the output shows surface forms below for some dialects (although as far as I
know this is not attested!) then we seem to have a minimal pair.
Hayes argues that this does not prove separate phonemes, but rather a displaced
contrast. Basically, since the underlying forms of the tap show 2 phonemes (their
distinction has been neutralized), and since the minimal pair only shows up before a
tap, then the forms do not show a minimal pair at the phoneme level. Kinda circular,
but hey that’s phonological theory! 
Slide 10
Ch 7
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Assume that [d] in this
language is actually a
dental sound, not
alveolar
Also, are oral and nasal vowels allophones of the same phoneme or separate phonemes?
Ch 7
Slide 11
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
before [r], [a];
after [m], [n];
word initially,
etc
i_ a
elsewhere
#_ y
#_ i
all between vowels
Ch 7
Slide 12
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
What are the phonemes?
/b/ /d/ and /g/ and oral vowels
What 2 rules can you identify applying in the data?
Voiced stops become voiced fricatives between vowels.
Vowels become nasalized before nasal.
Slide 13
Ch 7
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
What is the phonemic forms of the following:
Ch 7
Slide 14
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Provide derivations for the following:
Does it matter what order these words apply in?
No, there is no feeding or bleeding relationship
Slide 15
Ch 7
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Chimwiini morphological rules:
1. Infinitive Formation
V  kuV when [+infinitive]
2. Final Vowel Attachment
XC  XCa in verbs (If a verb ends in a Cons, add /-a/)
3. Applicative Formation
V Ve when [+applicative]
4. Reciprocal Formation
V  Van when [+reciprocal]
5. Passive Formation
V  V when [+passive]
Ch 7
Slide 16
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Data show that long and short vowels are phonemic from minimal pairs below
But then we have the form
And then we have the form
And then
We should expect
So what happened to the long vowel???
Ch 7
Slide 17
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Terms:
ultimate = final // penultimate = 2nd to last // antepenultimate = 3rd to last
preantepenultimate = anything before 3rd to last
We can explain
by following rule:
Preantepenultimate shortening = Shorten a vowel when at least 3 vowels
follow it: [+syllabic]  [–long] / __ C0 V C0 V C0 V
Ch 7
Slide 18
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Here is the derivation
Ch 7
Slide 19
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Rule applies generally to vowels more than 3 syllables from end regardless of
what affixes are used
How do we justify underlying form?
Ch 7
Slide 20
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
We see that vowels show up as long when end of word but NOT when end
of phrase so we need 2 rules.
PFS
WFL
Slide 21
Ch 7
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Since phrase final is ALSO word final, we need to order the rules so that
PFS applies after WFL so that we don’t end up with a long vowel at
end of phrase. How do we know this order? Try it both ways and see
which gives us the grammatical surface form
Ch 7
Slide 22
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
What about interaction between WFL and Preantepenultimate Shortening (PAS)
Preantepenultimate shortening (PAS)
[+syllabic]  [–long] / __ C0 V C0 V C0 V
WFL
One lengthens a vowel and one shortens it so they could interact. We need proof
so here are some more data
Ch 7
Slide 23
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
What about interaction between WFL and Preantepenultimate Shortening (PAS)
Preantepenultimate shortening (PAS)
[+syllabic]  [–long] / __ C0 V C0 V C0 V
WFL
According to WFL, the final vowel of [kuna] should be long but it isn’t. Why?
Because it is more than 3 syllables from end so PAS blocks it. So we need to
order them like this:
Not like this:
Ch 7
Slide 24
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
What about interaction between WFL and Preantepenultimate Shortening (PAS)
Preantepenultimate shortening (PAS)
[+syllabic]  [–long] / __ C0 V C0 V C0 V
More proof
Therefore:
WFL
Ch 7
Slide 25
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Now we have this:
To explain, we need this:
PLS
Ch 7
Slide 26
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Here is a derivation:
Slide 27
Ch 7
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Since all these rules deal with long and short vowels at different places in the
word, then these rules need to apply in the correct order to arrive at the
correct surface forms. Also, need to apply after morphology and after syntax
since they refer to the domains of word final and phrase final!
Ch 7 Exercises 1-3 ask to prove what order these various rules apply. You need
to show multiple derivations for each form to show when the rules are in a
certain order, they will derive the correct output or not.
Hayes gives you a hint by showing how the rules must be ordered
Ch 7
Slide 28
Ch 7 – Phonological Alternation II
Look at Ex 5 Ch 7 and discuss.
Look at fake Greek data and discuss.