Tilapia Aquaculture in the 21st Century Kevin Fitzsimmons, Ph.D. University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA & Vice President, American Tilapia Association President Elect, US.
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Tilapia Aquaculture in the 21st Century Kevin Fitzsimmons, Ph.D. University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA & Vice President, American Tilapia Association President Elect, US. Chapter of World Aquaculture Soc. Introduction • Tilapia are one of the most important domesticated fish today. • Tilapia will be the single most important aquaculture product in the 21st Century Current Status • Production widely distributed around the world. • Grows well in most production systems. • Established market demand. • Popular in several product forms. Production widely distributed around the world. • FAO reports production in 85 countries. • East Asia, Indonesia, Latin America, Caribbean, Middle East, and Africa • Germany, Belgium, Spain, Canada, Korea, Japan, most states in US Production widely distributed around the world. • Wild catch being replaced by farm raised • Used in many cuisine, hundreds of recipes • Tilapia, boulti, pla nil, St. Peters fish Grows well in most production systems • Ponds • Cages • Raceways, round tanks, recirculating systems • Ranching (lake releases) • Freshwater, Brackish water, Estuarine, and Marine Grows well in most production systems • Polyculture with shrimp, catfish, carp • Herbivorous and /or omnivorous • Good growth in fertilized ponds • Many byproducts can be used in prepared feeds Grows well in most production systems • • • • • Simple hatchery technology Disease resistant Grow well at high densities Several color variants available More “domesticated” than most aquaculture crops Established market demand • Accepted in many national dishes • Popular in many forms • Live, Whole, fillets, fresh and frozen, smoked, surimi Problem areas • Low fillet recovery rate • Slow growing females • Off-flavors Advances and Solutions: Low fillet recovery rate • Selective breeding programs • Transgenics - Growth hormones • Growth enhancers - Bovine Somatotropins • Better processing equipment Advances and Solutions: Slow growing females • • • • • Methyltestosterone Genetically male tilapia All male hybrids High density culture O. niloticus with larger females Advances and Solutions: Off-flavors • Depuration systems • Control of blue-green algae • Production in system with limited access to benthic algae Why tilapia will surpass other species in importance. • Production constraints being reduced, and costs decreasing • Markets are still expanding • Market prices holding • More training & experience of growers, processors and marketers Why tilapia will surpass other species in importance. • Ecologically sustainable • Popular with environmentalists • Consumption not restricted by religious observances • Mild flavor preferred by many consumers Why tilapia will surpass other species in importance. • Carp: markets are limited • Salmonids and shrimps need high levels of fish meal, limited ingredients for diets • Most other species need higher water quality, competition for sites Current Trends • Increase in demand for all forms of tilapia • Demand increase will be greatest for fresh fillets • Prices have been constant for several years and are likely to remain stable Current Trends • US and EU growers will concentrate on live sales and highly processed forms • Southeast Asia and Latin America will be primary US suppliers • Africa, Latin America and Caribbean will supply EU Tilapia in the Americas Tilapia imports to US (1992-2000) Figure 1. Tilapia product forms imported to the U.S. 40000 35000 Me tric tons 30000 25000 Whole Frozen Whole Frozen 20000 Fillet Frozen Fillet Fresh 15000 10000 Fillet Frozen 5000 0 1992 Fillet Fresh 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Value of Tilapia imports (1992-2000) Figure 2. Value of Tilapia product forms imported to the U.S. $100,000,000 $90,000,000 $80,000,000 $70,000,000 Whole Frozen $ US $60,000,000 Whole Frozen Fillet Frozen $50,000,000 Fillet Fresh $40,000,000 Fillet Frozen $30,000,000 $20,000,000 Fillet Fresh $10,000,000 $0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 US. Tilapia imports 1993-2000 Sources of imported tilapia to US 70000 others 60000 (LWE in metric tons) Thailand Indonesia 50000 Colombia 40000 China Mexico 30000 Jamaica 20000 Ecuador Costa Rica 10000 Taiwan 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Source of US Tilapia supply 2000 (by volume) 2000 US Tilapia Supply HONDURAS US 12% 5% TAIWAN 28% INDONESIA 3% ECUADOR 13% OTHER 4% CHINA 24% JAMAICA 1% COSTA RICA 10% Tilapia aquaculture in Colombia TILAPIA PRODUCTION IN COLOMBIA 20,000 18,000 Production (mt) 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 Year 1998 2000 est. International markets • • • • China has taken a large % of Taiwan share China has growing domestic demand Honduras has rapid expansion Colombia, Cuba, Brazil and Mexico are supplying strong domestic markets • Prices on international markets will not increase from present levels. International markets • Ecuador has passed Costa Rica as supplier of fillets to US • Ecuador integrating with shrimp production • Colombia, Thailand and Mexico were exporters to US, but exports levels decreased while production increased • Philippines is big producer, some exports to Japan Tilapia aquaculture in Ecuador TILAPIA PRODUCTION IN ECUADOR 12,000 Production (mt) 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 est. International market changes • • • • • Increasing domestic consumption Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico Philippines & China more exports EU is developing demand Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Kenya, other countries of Africa will supply EU Typical prices for Tilapia products sold in the U.S. (August 2000.) Whole live fish Whole frozen fish Whole fresh fish Fillets, fresh Fillets, frozen Pondside/Processor $/kg 2.20 - 6.60 1.10 - 2.00 Wholesale $/kg Retail $/kg 2.80 - 7.50 2.00 - 2.35 4.00 - 10.00 2.20 - 5.00 2.30 - 3.00 3.00 - 4.00 4.00 - 9.00 5.00 - 7.00 4.80 - 6.75 6.00 - 8.00 5.50 - 7.80 8.00 - 12.00 7.00 - 11.50 Ultimate marketing goals • • • • • Increase domestic demand Provide processing near production Provide variety to local markets Maintain environmental awareness Market tilapia as ecologically efficient and sustainable Ultimate marketing goals • Most seafood restaurants • Most grocery stores • Competing with catfish, trout, salmon, sole, flounder and other marine species • Compete with chicken, beef, pork