Transcript LAND DEGRADATION MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Prof. JP Msangi University of Namibia [email protected] SOUTHERN AFRICA COUNTRIES.

LAND DEGRADATION
MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN
AFRICA
Prof. JP Msangi
University of Namibia
[email protected]
SOUTHERN AFRICA
COUNTRIES
Southern Africa: Facts
Most people (70%) live in rural areas and
depend on subsistence agriculture for their
livelihoods.
They depend on land for agricultural
production or for conservation (parks or
conservancies).
A large area in the region, equivalent to
70% or more, is arid or semi-arid while
part of it is complete desert.
Southern Africa: Facts (Cont)
Land and water are necessary for
sustaining agriculture and rural
livelihoods.
Majority of the soils are poor with low
fertility, low organic matter content, and
have low water retention.
Southern Africa: Facts
The soils are vulnerable to water and
wind erosion, leaching and salinization if
put under irrigation.
Southern Africa: Land
Degradation
The process of land degradation in
Southern Africa is blamed on water and
wind erosion, sedimentation, long-term
destruction of vegetation and diminution
of the bio-resources.
Degradation (cont)
Also included is salinization of soils due
to poor farming methods (inability of the
inhabitants to employ
appropriate/improved farming
techniques).
Degradation (cont)
Type of land use as well as surface
physical configuration affects land
degradation.
The situation varies from country to
country with the type of physical
environment and the type of usage.
Degradation (cont)
Climatic vagaries such as droughts
alternating with floods have led to the
loss of top rich soil through soil erosion
and sedimentation rendering large
tracts of land worthless to those
dependent on exploiting an area’s bioresources.
Degradation (cont)
Other related culprits include civil strife
and regional conflicts, political
instability, low literacy levels and poor
governance.
Degradation (cont)
External forces including the state of the
global economy, inaccessible markets
and unfavorable commodity prices, the
debt burden, unequal terms of trade and
protectionism plus import barriers in
developed countries may increase rates
of natural resource exploitation by
preventing diversification.
Degradation (cont)
Others include: brain drain which may
cripple viable planning and natural
resource utilization and
Degradation (cont)
Population pressure and human
activities such as over-cultivation
which exhausts the soil, overgrazing
which removes the vegetation cover
that protects soil from erosion,
deforestation which removes trees and
vegetation which binds the soil to the
land and poorly designed irrigation
that turn cropland saline.
Over grazed Patch of Land
Start of Erosion on Patch of Over
Grazed Land
Start of Water Erosion over Motor
Tracks and Adjacent Land
Land Use
Most farmers who live in the rural areas
are poor and practice small-scale rainfed agriculture and/or agro-pastoralism.
Land use (cont)
Other than agriculture, approximately
17% of land is formally protected as
forest/game reserves and/or national
parks where animals are protected for
tourists viewing or periodic trophy
hunting. A form of land management.
Land use (cont)
Many indigenous people displaced by
conservation move to adjacent areas
where they upset previous land
carrying capacities causing land
degradation thus diminishing land
productivity.
Land use (cont)
Similarly, large mining concessions or
settlement schemes have also caused
land degradation through pollution and
over use.
Land Use (cont)
Expansive areas are owned by
commercial farmers producing for
export.
They own large ranches or practice
irrigated agriculture (predominantly so in
South Africa, Namibia and Botswana
and pre-land reforms Zimbabwe).
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS pandemic has significantly
compounded the problem of nonmanagement of the agricultural land
and hence its degradation through
severe loss of mature population and
subsequently loss of farm labour and
agricultural knowledge.
Land Degradation
Management
Those who derive their livelihoods from
farming and heavy use of natural
resources yet do not own the land, do
not appreciate land management
programs implemented in their areas.
Management (cont)
Land ownership and land tenure
determines the success rate of
technology adoption as well as
willingness to invest in land
management initiatives.
Management (cont)
Relevant and interesting technology
development has been addressed over
time by donors, NGOs and individual
country Governments focusing mainly
on the small-scale farmers.
Management (cont)
Despite the various initiatives and the
availability of these technologies, there
has been low rate of adoption by the
majority of the small-scale farmers due
to poverty and inability to afford the
required inputs or due to low literacy
which inhibits understanding and
appreciation of these technologies.
Management (cont)
Other reasons include noninvolvement of the rural farmers (who
are the custodians of the land) during
project formulation or nonconsideration of their land
management practice.
Management (cont)
Also some of the technologies are
reported to be too general so that they
do not address the problems facing a
specific area thus lacking in relevance
and applicability to different microenvironments.
Management (cont)
Therefore coming up with appropriate
land management packages remain a
great challenge for the situation
pertaining in the management of land
degradation in Southern Africa.
Management (cont)
Various policies and management
programs and projects have been put in
place including farmers’ training on
relevant activities such as grass
seeding for marginal and degraded
lands, construction of grade stabilization
structures and stone lines on the
rangelands, check dams and
progressive soil survey and mapping.
Sheet Erosion Control using Old
Fencing and Brush
Control of Erosion Caused by
Runoff from Road Surface
Wire Bound Gabion in Donga
Protecting Culvert Mouth Against
Erosion from Channeled Water
Management (cont)
In most of the countries, inadequate
budgetary allocations and lack of or poorly
articulated regulations on implementation of
the policies and coordination remains the
greatest challenges facing these policies.
Others include inadequate capacity to
enforce these policies as well as lack of
commitment and political will.
Management (cont)
In some of the countries, current
changes in land ownership have baffled
many, both landowners and land
management advisors.
Land is being mismanaged and/or
under-utilized because of the sudden
change.
Management (cont)
Networking is lacking and there is
failure to share vision; there is
increased duplication of efforts leading
to increased inefficiency and failure to
create a critical mass of expertise
around land degradation management
issues.
Conclusions
Restoring degraded lands provides
considerable opportunities for
introducing change, improving
conservation and ultimately reduction of
entrenched poverty in Southern Africa.
Conclusions (cont)
Land degradation and restoration issues
take time to yield results; investors and
beneficiaries have displayed impatience
and expressed disappointment when
expected results were not forthcoming
within the plan periods.
Conclusions (cont)
Destructive and poorly conceived land
tenure policies undermined indigenous
old-age land management mechanisms.
Civil strife and prolonged war in DRC,
Mozambique and Angola for example
plundered resources and have rendered
large areas unusable because of land
mines and destroyed infrastructure.
Conclusions (cont)
Inappropriate research and land
management policies as well as donor
rigidity denied most of the countries in
Southern Africa room to maneuver,
leading to accumulation of large debts
limiting investment into land
management and other development
issues.
Conclusions (cont)
Additionally, unfavorable terms of the
world trade have induced Southern
Africa countries to overexploit their land
and other natural resources
accelerating the rate of land
degradation and minimizing investment
in degradation management.
Conclusions (cont)
The magnitude of land degradation
related problems facing Southern Africa
is so high that national governments
alone cannot exhaustively manage
them hence need for viable and
practical smart partnerships.
Conclusions (cont)
It is now accepted that the indigenous
people particularly those in the rural
areas, whose survival is at stake, have
to be involved at all levels.
Conclusion (cont)
Programs geared towards training and
raising awareness and capacity of rural
communities on the land degradation
management issues as well as research
have been instituted in the majority of
the countries acknowledging the role
that local communities play in land
degradation management.
Conclusions (cont)
Success of these undertakings it is
hoped will help alleviate related
problems of soil and land degradation,
loss of biodiversity and need for
assistance to rural small-scale farmers.
Recommendations
There should be an increase in training
and awareness building through short
courses and seminars or workshops on
among others land use planning and
management, fertility and farming
systems including their impacts on
land degradation management and
sustainability.
Recommendations (cont)
People-centered development should
be a priority in Southern Africa taking
into account access to land, land
ownership, land development and
management.
Appropriate policies and viable
practical smart partnerships should
be explored and instituted.
Recommendations (cont)
Coordination and networking is vital for
successful management of land
degradation issues in Southern Africa
due to the fact that ecosystems cut
across political boundaries.
Realistic plan periods are necessary
within which to realize and assess
expected outputs.
END OF SLIDE SHOW
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