Transcript Confined Space Entry CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • Overview – ANSI Z117.1 Standard – Types of Confined Spaces • Citations – No testing of atmosphere – No.

Confined Space Entry
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
• Overview
– ANSI Z117.1 Standard
– Types of Confined Spaces
• Citations
– No testing of atmosphere
– No rescue provisions
– No retrieval device for confined
spaced greater than 5 feet deep
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
• Confined
Spaces come
in all shapes
and sizes!
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
• The tragic loss
of life
occurred
when confined
space rules
were not
enforced by
the employer.
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
• Wasau, Wisconsin
• Lack of Oxygen in sewer
• Rusty hand rails should have tipped them off!!
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
CONFINED SPACE PROGRAM
• CONFINED SPACE FATAL ACCIDENTS – 35% Supervisor or Higher
– 64% Did not need to enter
– 66% Water / Wastewater / Sewer / Construction
– 78% Oxygen deficient or IDLH toxic
– 95% No confined space training
– 100% No (or inadequate) powered ventilation
– 100% No instrument at site (to measure hazardous
atmosphere)
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
• Major Points
– Written plan of action for rescue is
required.
– Ventilation is necessary if there is the
potential for atmosphere to move out of the
acceptable range.
– ANSI governs construction, some
contractors need to look at 1910.119/146 for
general industry.
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
• Fatalities
– Excavations, manholes, foundations,
underground vaults, grain elevators and
sewer pipes are examples of deadly areas
– NIOISH report from 1993-1996
– 276 Incidents
– 234 deaths
– 193 injuries
• Half of those killed were rescue personnel
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
• Is it a confined space?
• Is it a permit required
confined space?
• Adds a new meaning
to Special Delivery!
CATEGORIZING WORK SPACES
• SPACE LARGE ENOUGH TO ENTER AND
• LIMITED OR RESTRICTED ENTRY OR EXIT
AND
• NOT DESIGNED FOR CONTINUOUS
OCCUPANCY
CATEGORIZING WORK SPACES
• Requires a Permit if:
– HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE
– ENGULFMENT HAZARD
– CONFIGURATION HAZARD
– ANY RECOGNIZED SERIOUS HAZARD
CATEGORIZING WORK SPACES
SPACE LARGE ENOUGH TO ENTER AND;
LIMITED OR RESTRICTED ENTRY OR EXIT;
NOT DESIGNED FOR CONTINUOUS OCCUPANCY
NOT A
CONFINED
SPACE
NO
YES
CONFINED SPACE
PERMIT
NON
HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE
OR
REQUIRED
PERMIT
ENGULFMENT HAZARD
OR
CONFINED YES
NO
CONFINED
CONFIGURATION HAZARD?
SPACE
SPACE
ANY OTHER RECOGNIZED
SERIOUS HAZARD
Categorizing Work Spaces
• Confined space
– Restricted means of entry/exit
– Large enough for employee to enter & work
– Not designed for continuous occupancy
• Permit required confined space
– Potential for hazardous atmosphere
– Potential of material engulfing worker
– Configuration that may trap worker
– Contains other recognized hazards
PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED
SPACE PROGRAM
• Atmospheres
•
– Oxygen-deficient
atmosphere
– Oxygen-enriched
atmosphere
– Flammable atmosphere
– Toxic gases and vapors
Other Hazards
–Engulfment
–Falling Objects
–Temperature Extremes
–Falls / Slick/wet surfaces
–Toxic / Corrosive
chemicals
–Moving parts/ equipment
HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE
One slip and you’re gone!
•
•
•
•
Too much Oxygen
over
23.5%
Too little Oxygen under
19.5%
Flammable atmosphere
10%LEL
Carbon Monoxide
35ppm
OXYGEN-DEFICIENCY
O2 Content
Effects and Symptoms (at patm)
15-19%
Decreased ability to work strenuously. May impair coordination
and induce early symptoms in persons with coronory,
pulmonary, or circulatory problems.
12-14%
Respiration increases in exertion, pulse up, impaired
coordination, perception, and judgment.
10-12%
Respiration further increases in rate and depth, poor judgment,
lips blue.
8-10%
Mental failure, fainting, unconsciousness, ashen face, blueness
of lips, nausea, and vomiting.
6-8%
8 min., 100% fatal; 6 min., 50% fatal; 4-5 min., recovery with
treatment.
4-6%
Coma in 40 sec., convulsions, respiration ceases, death.
NOTE: Exposure to atmospheres containing 12% or less oxygen will bring about
unconsciousness without warning and so quickly that individuals cannot help or protect
themselves.
(Source: Compressed Gas Association Bulletin SB-2)
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
• Colorless, odorless noncombustible gas
• Heavier than air
• By-product of:
– Carbonation
– Inerting
– Organic decay
• grain elevators, sewers, storage bins, wells
– Fermentation
• digesters, molasses pits, beer and wine vats
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
• Colorless, odorless gas
• Slightly lighter than air
• Chemical asphyxiant
• Primary source: incomplete combustion
of organic material
• Gasoline-fueled combustion engines
CONCENTRATION OF CO
AND SYMPTOMS
Percent ppm
Effects
0.02
200
Possibly headache, mild frontal in 2-3 hrs.
0.04
400
Headache, frontal, and nausea after 1-2 hrs.; occipital after 2-1/2
to 3-1/2 hrs.
0.08
800
Headache, dizziness and nausea in 3/4 hour, collapse and
possibly unconsciousness in 2 hrs.
0.16
1,600
Headache, dizziness and nausea in 20 min.; collapse,
unconsciousness, possibly death in 2 hr.
0.32
3,200
Headache and dizziness in 5 to 10 min., unconsciousness and
danger of death in 30 min.
0.64
6,400
Headache and dizziness in 1 to2 min., unconsciousness and
danger of death in 10 to 15 min.
1.28
12,800
Immediate effect; unconsciousness and danger of death in 1 to 3
min.
(Source: Hamilton & Hardy)
SYMPTOMS OF CO
EXPOSURE
Percent*
Symptoms
0-10
Shortness of breath on exertion
10-20
Tightness across forehead, slight headache
20-30
Throbbing headache
30-40
Severe headache, nausea, vomiting, collapse on exertion
40-50
All symptoms increased, pulse rate and breathing
increased
50-70
Coma, interrupted breathing (Cheyne-Stokes), death
* Percent saturation of Hemoglobin with CO [Blood Levels]
(Adapted from Dubois and Geiling)
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Thermal effects (heat and cold),
Moving machine parts
Noise
Vibration
Radiation
Fatigue while working in a confined space
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
By removing the
hazard, it is possible
to reclassify a permit
space as a non-permit
required space
EMPLOYER REQUIREMENTS
• Evaluate workplace
• Inform employees of
– existence, location, & danger
• If employees enter:
– Develop written program
– Train and educate employees
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
• Air Testing Monitor
• Full Body Harness
• Communication
Equipment
• Protective Eyewear
• Protective Helmet
• Protective Boots
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
• Entry into Permit
Required Spaces takes
teamwork!
• Supervisor, Entrant and
Attendant depend on
each other.
ENTRY DUTIES
SUPERVISOR
• Know space hazards & consequences
• Verify emergency plans, test procedures,
and proper equipment
• Terminate/cancel permits (upon
completion or change
• Remove unauthorized personnel
• Ensure operation remains consistent with
entry permit and conditions
ENTRY DUTIES
AUTHORIZED ENTRANT
•
•
•
•
Know space hazards and consequences
Use appropriate PPE
Maintain communication with attendant
Exit ASAP on order or when hazard is
observed
• Alert attendant when prohibited condition
exists or symptoms of exposure
ENTRY DUTIES
ATTENDANT
• Perform no other duties that interfere
Know existing & potential hazards
• Summon rescue & emergency service
• Keep unauthorized personnel out
• Order evacuation as necessary
• Maintain communication
• Remain outside space
WRITTEN PERMITS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Valid for a specified amount of time
Lists equipment for safe entry
Lists atmospheric testing results
Specifies rescue team provisions
Signed by the site supervisor
Identifies by name:
– The supervisor
– Attendant
– Entrant
PERMIT SYSTEM
• Permit signed by supervisor
• Entry permits include:
– Test results & tester initials or signature
– Supervisor name & signature
– Name of space and personnel (by duty)
– Purpose & control measures in place
– Name & number of rescue/emergency
service
– Acceptable entry conditions
– Special equipment & communication
procedures
WRITTEN PROGRAM
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Identify and evaluate space
Test conditions in space and monitor
Perform testing for atmospheric hazards
Prevention of unauthorized entry
Establish/implement procedures & practices
Identify employee duties
Provide, maintain, & require PPE
One attendant minimum
Procedures for calling rescue & emergency
service
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
GAS DETECTOR
•Oxygen content
•Flammability
•Explosion potential
•Carbon monoxide
•Hydrogen sulfide
Critical issues •Training
•Procedures
•Calibration
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
• Draw samples without entering the space!
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
• Normal Readings
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
Bad Reading!! Evil Reading!!
Oxygen level too low!!
Alarm is going off!!
ROLE OF ENTRANT
•
•
•
•
•
•
Authorized to enter
Be aware of prohibited conditions
Use Personal Protective Equipment
Evacuate immediately on order of attendant
Begin self rescue in hazards
Be alert to exposure
ROLE OF ATTENDANT
•
•
•
•
•
Must be stationed outside to monitor
Special training to recognize hazards
Maintain effective contact with entrant
You are the entrant’s eyes and ears
Order evacuation in hazardous situation
COMMUNICATION
• Entrant and attendant must maintain contact
• Have backup communication system
• Methods
– Simple voice
– Radios
– Telephone
– “Tug Signals” on the cable
SELF-RESCUE
• At first sign or trouble notify attendant and
begin evacuation
• Attendant notifies other workers to evacuate
• Rescue team notified if necessary
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
• At times a simple fan
will ventilate the
permit required
confined space
enough to eliminate
the hazard
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
NON-ENTRY RESCUE
•
•
•
•
Entrant wears a harness
Cable attached to the harness
Use a hand crank!
Wristlets may be used
RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS
RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS
EMERGENCIES
• Employer responsibilities:
– Rescuers provided with required PPE
– Trained to perform rescue duties
– Rescuers have authorized entrant’s training
– Practice rescue exercises completed yearly
• Full body harness and mechanical device
EMERGENCIES
Confined Space
Rescue teams must
practice annually at
each confined space
they may provide
rescue from
The employer must
verify that the rescue
team can perform
rescue missions!
TRAINING AND EDUCATION
• Knowledge & skills for safe performance
• Additional training when
– Job duties change
– Change in program
– New hazard identified
– Employee’s job performance is deficient
• Emergency training (CPR and first aid)
• Certificate of training issued
NAZLAT IMARA, EGYPT
• The Domino Effect
– One worker gets in trouble
– The next worker goes to help
– A third worker goes to help...
"Get your facts first, and then
you can distort them as much
as you please." -- Mark Twain