Transcript Chapter 7 Jails: Detention and Short-Term Incarceration Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th American “jails”: by the numbers... 13,500 number of jails in U.S. 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 3,365 4,000 2,700 2,000 0 total jails county jails municipal jails police "lockups" Clear.

Chapter 7
Jails: Detention
and Short-Term
Incarceration
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
American “jails”:
by the numbers...
13,500
number of jails in U.S.
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
3,365
4,000
2,700
2,000
600
0
total jails
county jails
municipal
jails
police "lockups"
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
Americans jailed annually
number (in millions)
14.0
13.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.5
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.6
0.2
# in custody
on average
day
# jailrelated jobs
0.0
#
admissions
during year
persons
detained
during year
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
adult jail inmates:
conviction status
unconvicted
56%
convicted
44%
More than 1/2 of adult jail inmates
have NOT been convicted of a crime.
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adult jail inmates:
gender
female
11%
male
89%
9/10 of adult jail inmates are men.
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adult jail inmates:
“race”
2/5 of adult jail inmates are African-American.
Other
2%
Hispanic
15%
White
42%
Black
41%
note: hispanics are considered separate of african-americans and whites
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adult jail inmates:
“ethnicity”
Hispanic
15%
nonHispanic
85%
1/6 of adult jail inmates are Hispanic.
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th
adult jail inmates:
race + ethnicity
Other
3%
Hispanic
18%
White
33%
Black
46%
1/3 of adult jail inmates are White.
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getting out of jail -- free?
bail
methods
of
release
sum of money
specified by judge
to be posted by the
accused as
condition of
bondsman
pretrial release, to
independent
ensure defendant’s
businessperson
appearance in
who charges fee,
court
usu. 5-10% for
bail money
(ROR)
release on
recognizance
pretrial release
granted on the
defendant’s
promise to appear
in court, based on
defendant’s ties to
the community
“10% cash bail”
(reform) D. deposits 10% of
bail amount with court;
90% returned at trial
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“preventive
detention”

definition
detention of an accused in jail to
protect the community from crimes the
accused is considered likely to commit
if released from jail while he awaits trial
authorized by Comprehensive
Crime Control Act, 1984
 upheld in US v. Salerno, 1987

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“pretrial
diversion”

definition
an alternative to adjudication in which the
defendant agrees to abide with conditions
set by the prosecutor in exchange for the
withdrawal of charges
(eg, counseling, drug treatment)
reasons
for diversion programs
danger!
criminal justice system is not well equipped
to handle some problems -- vagrancy,
“widening
alcoholism, juveniles
keep less dangerousthe
offenders
net” from being
labeled & treated as hard-core criminals
diversion costs are less
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“widening the net”
definition
 increasing
the scope (ie, reach) of
corrections & CJS by creating diversionary
program & then sending people to that
program for offenses that are much less
serious than those the program was
originally intended for.
 “diversion” programs thereby ensnare
persons who would otherwise not have
come under the jurisdiction of the justice
system (except for availability of the
diversion program)
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“new-generation
jail”
definition
a
facility of “podular” architectural
design and with management
policies that emphasize staffinmate interaction and the
provision of services to inmates
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“podular unit”
definition
 self-contained
living area for
from 12 to 24 inmates,
composed of private,
individual cells & open areas
for social interaction
each
jail has two or more
“pods”
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“direct
supervision”
definition
a
method of correctional
supervision in which staff have
direct physical interaction with
inmates throughout the day
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“regional jail”

definition
facility operated under a joint
agreement by two or more
governmental units (eg, city + county),
with a jail board made up of
representatives from participating
jurisdictions and having authority
over policy, budget, operations, and
personnel
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“fee system”

definition
a system in which jail operations are
to be paid on the basis of a flat
allocation per prisoner per day
problem:
creates an incentive for poor
jails & inadequate services, since the
allocation remains the same,
irrespective of the level of service
provided
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“pay as you go” jails (“user fees”)
some jails are experimenting with directly
charging inmates (who can afford it) at least
some of the costs of their “keep”
2
daily room
and board
“co-pay” for
3 nurse sick
call
15
“co-pay” for
medical
specialist
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special problems of
jail detainees
jail issues
mental
health
problems
substance
dependency
rights of
pretrial
detainees
legal needs
medical
needs
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problems of
jail administration
legal liability
42 USC §1983
jail
standards
(ACA)
jail
management
issues
personnel
matters
($, training,
conditions)
jail facilities
(outmoded &
expensive)
jail crowding
(crisis in ‘90’s)
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 6th