Transcript UNICEF Global Study of Child Poverty & Disparities Data issues and preliminary findings for Nepal, India and Bangladesh Shailen Nandy School for Policy.

UNICEF Global Study of Child Poverty & Disparities
Data issues and preliminary findings for Nepal, India and Bangladesh
Shailen Nandy
School for Policy Studies
University of Bristol
United Kingdom
[email protected]
[email protected]
www.bristol.ac.uk/poverty
South Asia Child Poverty and Disparities Regional Technical Meeting
Kathmandu, Nepal
7th – 9th May 2008
Brief reminder of the definition adopted and thresholds used...
Absolute Poverty
After the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995, 117 countries
adopted a declaration and programme of action which included commitments to eradicate
“absolute” and reduce “overall” poverty.
Absolute poverty was defined as "a condition characterised by severe deprivation of
basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health,
shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on access to
services." (UN, 1995)
The Global Study will also be using more conventional measures of poverty ($1/day,
income/consumption expenditure.
Deprivation can be conceptualised as a continuum which ranges from no deprivation
through mild, moderate and severe deprivation to extreme deprivation.
Continuum of deprivation
M ild
M oderate
S evere
N o D eprivation
E xtrem e D eprivation
In order to measure absolute poverty amongst children, it is necessary to define
the threshold measures of severe deprivation of basic human need for:
1.
2.
3.
4.
food
safe drinking water
sanitation facilities
health
5.
6.
7.
8.
shelter
education
information
access to service
Operational Definitions of Severe Deprivation of Basic Human Need for Children
1) Severe Food Deprivation– severely malnourished children whose highest and weights were
more than 3 Standard Deviations below the median of the international reference population e.g.
severe anthropometric failure.
2) Severe Water Deprivation - children who only had access to surface water (e.g. rivers) for
drinking or who lived in households where the nearest source of water was more than 30
minutes round trip away (e.g. indicators of severe deprivation of water quality or quantity).
3) Severe Deprivation of Sanitation Facilities – children who had no access to a toilet of any kind
in the vicinity of their dwelling, e.g. no private or communal toilets or latrines.
4) Severe Health Deprivation – children who had not been immunised against any diseases or
young children who had a recent illness and had not received any medical advice or treatment.
5) Severe Shelter Deprivation – children in dwellings with five or more people per room (severe
overcrowding) or with no flooring material (e.g. a mud floor).
6) Severe Education Deprivation – children aged between 7 and 18 who had never been to school
and were not currently attending school (e.g. no professional education of any kind).
7) Severe Information Deprivation – children aged between 3 and 18 with no access to newspapers,
radio or television or computers or phones at home.
Children experiencing multiple deprivations (i.e. 2+) count as living in absolute poverty.
Initial findings for
Nepal, India and Bangladesh
Prevalence rates (%) of deprivations among
children, Nepal
87
Severe Deprivation (1+ deps)
61
Absolute Poverty (2+ deps)
Prevalence rates (%) of deprivations among children, India
12
Health
Food
60
Absolute Poverty (2+ deps)
4
Information
81
Severe Deprivation (1+ deps)
18
20
Education
13
Health
15
Water
50
27
Food
82
Shelter
0
24
Education
56
Sanitation
100
7
Water
14
Information
0
49
Absolute Poverty (2+ deps)
8
Education
16
Health
3
Water
8
Sanitation
44
Information
83
Shelter
0
50
68
Shelter
85
Severe Deprivation (1+ deps)
62
Sanitation
Prevalence rates (%) of deprivations among children,
Bangladesh
100
50
100
Disparities in child poverty in South Asia
• Geographic disparities – region, urban-rural
• Gender
•
•
•
•
Ethno-linguistic group
Religion/caste
Household type
Occupational social class
5%
23%
60%
50%
50%
48%
48%
48%
Uttaranchal
Manipur
Assam
Haryana
Andhra Pradesh
40%
Himachal Pradesh
Kerala
Delhi
Mizoram
Goa
18%
21%
29%
32%
Punjab
Sikkim
32%
Tripura
35%
40%
Tamil Nadu
Arunachal Pradesh
40%
43%
Nagaland
Jammu and Kashmir
44%
Meghalaya
46%
50%
Gujarat
Maharashtra
51%
Karnataka
West Bengal
INDIA
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
56%
77%
Madhya Pradesh
68%
71%
74%
78%
Jharkhand
Orissa
78%
Bihar
0%
79%
50%
Chhattisgarh
Prevalence rates (%) of absolute poverty among children in India, by
state
100%
Prevalence rates (%) of absolute poverty among
children by place of residence
Urban
100
Rural
74
67
57
50
28
26
24
0
India
Nepal
Bangladesh
NB: Child poverty rates in
‘Tribal areas’ of
Bangladesh
are over 70%
Prevalence rates (%) of education deprivation by sex,
Nepal and India
30
Male
28
Female
23
25
21
20
15
13
10
5
0
Nepal
India
Prevalence rates (%) of food deprivation by sex,
Nepal and India
Male
30
Female
28
25
25
20
23
17
15
10
5
0
Nepal
India
Prevalence rates (%) of absolute poverty
among children by religion, Bangladesh
100%
63%
61%
50%
50%
49%
49%
40%
0%
Christianity
Buddhism
Hinduism
BANGLADESH
Islam
DK or Other
Prevalence rates (%) of absolute poverty
among children by caste, India
100%
83%
70%
63%
60%
50%
55%
41%
0%
Scheduled
tribe
Scheduled
caste
OBC
INDIA
DK or other No caste/tribe
Prevalence rates (%) of absolute poverty among children by parental
occupation, India
100
91
74
63
60
55
52
50
44
39
0
Agri employee Skilled manual
Services
INDIA
Sales
Clerical
Not working
Prof, Tech,
Manag
Rates of absolute poverty among children by household type, India
0
50
100
62
1 adult 1 child
60
1adult 2 children
79
1adult 3+ children
45
2 adults 1 child
41
2 adults 2 children
67
2 adults 3 children
77
2 adults 4 children
81
80
2 adults 5 children
2 adults 6+ children
3 adults 1 child
40
51
3 adults 2 children
62
3 adults 3 children
71
3 adults 4 children
75
3 adults 5 children
79
3 adults 6+ children
42
4 adults 1 child
47
4 adults 2 children
59
4 adults 3 children
65
4 adults 4 children
71
4 adults 5 children
74
4 adults 6+ children
5 adults 1 child
5 adults 2 children
38
39
49
5 adults 3 children
55
5 adults 4 children
68
5 adults 5 children
76
5 adults 6+ children
46
6+ adults and 1+ children
Adult Only Household
Children Only (Under 18)
43
72
Data issues
• Any particular issues for which reporting
might be problematic (e.g. Ethnicity)?
• Availability of survey data (Afghanistan,
Bhutan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) to external
researchers (e.g. UoB)?
• Sample size – representative to sub-national
level (state/region), but problems below this
• Standardisation of data