The Roman Colosseum

The Parthenon Athens, Greece

The Eiffel Tower Paris, France

L’Arc de Triomphe Paris, France

The Leaning Tower of Pisa Pisa, Italy

The Roman Forum Rome, Italy

Big Ben London, England

Houses of Parliament London, England

The Tower of London London, England

Stonehenge Salisbury, England

Mediterranean Tiled Roofs Mediterranean Region

Swiss Chalet Bavaria and Switzerland

Neuschwanstein Castle Bavaria, Germany

Castles Found throughout Europe.

Windmills and Polder Land The low countries

Notes Chapter 11 What Makes Europe a Region?

Physically Europe is cut off from Asia by the Ural Mountains

European Culture

With more than 40 different countries, Europe has a rich, diverse culture.

The Land

Seas, Peninsulas, and Islands

Northern Peninsulas

Scandinavian and Jutland (Denmark)

Low Countries

Countries that border the North Sea and are at or below sea level.

Polder Land: Land in the low countries that has been reclaimed from the sea. Dikes: Flood Walls Glaciations and Fjords: Deep ocean inlets cut by glaciers

Southern Peninsulas

Iberian Peninsula

Includes Spain and Portugal

Meseta

The Tableland Dry plateau in Central Spain.

Italian (Apennine) Peninsula

: Italy that destroyed ancient Roman city of Pompeii.

Strait of Gibraltar

Narrow strip of water separates Europe and Africa Mt. Vesuvius: Active Italian volcano near Naples, Balkan Peninsula: Mountains peninsula contains Greece

Strait of Gibraltar

Europe’s Islands Iceland

Viking Territory, considered part of Scandinavia.

British Isles Great Britain

Big Island, contains England, Scotland, and Wales

Island of Ireland Isle of Ireland

(The Emerald Isle) Contains Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, part of the U.K.

Great Britain

Mediterranean Islands Sicily Sardinia Corsica Crete Cyprus

In territorial dispute between Greece and Turkey

Mountains and Plains

Northwest

Ben Nevis

4,406 feet Tallest point in United Kingdom

Central Uplands

Meseta: High Plateau of Spain

Massif Central

Elevated region in south-central France, consisting of mountains and plateaus.

Meseta Massif Central

Southern Mountains

Pyrenees

Separate Spain and France.

Alps

Isolate the Italian peninsula.

Rhine and Po Rivers

Both begin in the Alps Balkan Peninsula: Balkan means mountains, the Balkans are very mountainous Carpathian Mountains: Run through Eastern Europe

The Alps and Matterhorn

Plains Regions North European Plain

Plain region beginning in northern France and extending through Russia.

Most of the population lives here and most agriculture is here. Loess: Fine, rich, windblown soil which covers the North European Plain.

Danube

Flows through Germany to the Black Sea

Water Systems Rivers and Canals

Link the countries of Europe together.

Rhine River

Most important river in western Europe.

Thames

England

Dnieper

Flows through Russia, empties into the Black Sea.

Seine

Flows through Paris.

Rhone Loire

French Rivers

Vistula

Poland

Po

N. Italy Agricultural region.

Natural Resources

Coal: The U.K, Germany, Ukraine, and Poland.

Many fields are untouched because they are too expensive to mine. Peat: Vegetable matter found in swamps and bogs which can be burned for fuel. Minerals: Bauxite, Zinc and Manganese.

Countries also use other sources of energy such as natural gas, and nuclear power.

Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Water and Land

Climate varies greatly in Europe, from Tundra to the warm shores of the Mediterranean.

Latitude and Proximity to water

Most of Europe is about the same latitude as Canada.

Given its latitude it should be cold, but its closeness to water has a moderating effect on the climate

Western Europe

Marine West Coast Climate: Mild winter, cool summer and a lot of rain. Gulf Stream (North Atlantic Drift) Brings warm waters to western Europe from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea.

Warm water warms the air above it making for a mild climate.

Trees and Highlands Deciduous and Non-Deciduous Trees

Both included in the natural vegetation of Europe.

Alpine Tree line

In the Alpine region there are mostly conifers.

Above the Timberline (10,000 ft) there are no trees.

Avalanches

Dry winds called foehns can blow down the mountains and cause avalanches because there are not trees there to hold onto the snow.

Southern Europe (Mediterranean Europe)

Mediterranean Climate: Warm dry summers and mild, rainy winters.

Mistral: Strong winds that blow down from the Alps brings gust of bitterly cold air. Siroccos: Dry winds that blow in from the Sahara in North Africa. Chaparral: Vegetation of the Mediterranean region.

Includes shrubs and small trees like cork and olive trees.

Eastern and Northern Europe Inland Climate: Humid Continental

Cold snowy winters and hot summers. Temperatures vary more here than in the rest of Europe.

Far North: Tundra and Sub arctic Scandinavia

Sub arctic and tundra climate with bitterly cold winters and short cools summers.

Permafrost: permanently frozen soil.

Tundra areas have little vegetation except mosses, small shrubs, and wildflowers that boom during the short summer.

Chapter 12: The Cultural Geography of Europe Section 1: Population Patterns

Ethnic Diversity

More than 40 countries whose people belong to many different culture groups stemming from centuries of migration ,cultural diffusion, conflict, and changing borders.

Ancient Migration

Indo-European and Mediterranean Peoples.

Modern Immigration

Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean. Many come from area once ruled by European countries.

Ethnic Groups

Groups of people with a shared ancestry, language, customs, and often, religions.

There are more than 160 different European ethnic groups.

Ethnic Tensions

The Balkans: Shatterbelt

Region experienced major civil conflict in the 1990’s between the Serbs, Croats, Bosnian Muslims, and Kosovar Albanians following the breakup of former Yugoslavia.

Bosnia-Herzegovina

Serbs, Croats, and Bosnian Muslims

Kosovo

Serbs and Ethnic Albanians In both of these countries the Serbs attempted to eradicate the other ethnic groups through ethnic cleansing.

Ethnic Cleansing

The Serbs expelled or killed rival ethnic groups on this area.

Refugees

This forced many people to become refugees.

People who flee to a foreign country for safety.

This can include IDP’s, or internally displaced persons, these are people who are refugees in their own country.

Sources of Unity Economic

Democracy and free markets.

The European Union Most Europe's value the importance of the past and cultural achievements of their ancestors. They also take pride in their families.

Population Characteristics

Comparative Size: Europe is the second smallest continent. Largest: The largest country in population, not counting Russia, is Germany with 82.2 million people.

Smallest: Vatican City, only 1,000 people.

Land size

• Ukraine • France • Spain

Population

• Germany • United Kingdom • Italy • France

Population Density

The region has very uneven population dist and density.

Most of the population lives in urban area in the North European Plain. Highly urbanized • One of the world’s most densely populated areas

Population Distribution

Related to Physical Geography

North European Plain

The U.K., into France and the Czech Republic and Poland.

Other Plains

Southeastern France into Northern Italy.

Urbanization Industrial Revolution

Changed Europe from a rural, agricultural area to an urban, industrial society.

The industrial revolution began in England where they had supplies of coal.

It changed how people lived and worked.

75% Urban Population

Paris and London are two of the world’s largest urban areas.

Urban Features

Overcrowding and pollution are problems. Euroepan cities have a unique mix of old and new world occupying one space.

Population Movements

Large numbers of foreigners are migrating to Europe from Asia, Africa and the South Pacific Region.

In the 1950’s and 60’s there were labor shortages in many areas and so countries invited guest workers Now native Europeans fear competition from immigrants for jobs and resources leading to tension.

Despite high immigration, much of Europe has a negative population growth rate, meaning more people die each year than are born.

Balkans: Former Yugoslavia

This region has always been a hotbed for ethnic conflict. The term Balkanization means a splintering of nations. The communist dictator Tito kept these ethnic tensions in check following WWII.

Tito died in 1980, between 1991 and 1992 several republics of Yugoslavia began to fight for independence. Civil wars broke out between the various ethnic groups.

The Serbians committed ethnic cleansing against the other ethnic groups of the area including the Bosnian Muslims, Croatians, and Ethnic Albanians. Forcing them to leave their homes or killing them if they did not. Many of these people were forced to go to refugee camps. Slobodan Milosevic , called the butcher of the Balkans. He died in prison in March of 2006 before facing trial for crimes against humanity.

Yugoslavia 1945-1990 1991-1995

The Serbs set up camps where they would kidnap and rape Bosnian women as a form of psychological warfare.

January 22, 1988 FORENSIC EXPERTS UNEARTH REMAINS IN MASS GRAVE NEAR ZVORNIK IN 2003. 29-year-old mother of 3 who was raped in front of her children by Chetniks at Brcko. The Chetniks then urinated in the children's mouths. During the entire month of December, the rapes continued and she is now 2-months pregnant and wants an abortion.

Section 2: History and Government Early Peoples

Have found evidence of both Paleolithic and Neolithic peoples.

Celts Tribe of people who lived all over Europe about two thousand years ago. At one time, you could find tribes of Celts in modern day Spain, France, northern Italy, and as far east as Russia. Around 500 BCE, the ancient Celts migrated and settled in modern day Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and the Isle of Man.

Ancient Greece and Rome

Two great civilizations that thrived in the Aegean and Mediterranean. Greece and Rome gave us the foundations for democracy and many of the political, cultural, and economic institutions that we still use today.

Christian Europe

Christianity emerged during the time of the Roman Empire.

While the religion first faced persecution, it eventually became the official religion of the Empire. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Christianity became the unifying force for Europe. It also became the most powerful institution in Europe ruling over both religious and political life.

The Middle Ages

Also known as the Dark Ages or Medieval Period. The time between the fall of Rome and the beginning of the Renaissance.

Feudalism

Governmental system of the Middle Ages.

Was based on the ownership of land.

This was the times of Lords, Knights, and Castles.

Castles were built for defense, and were not nice, romantic places to life.

Expansion of Europe The Crusades

The failed attempt of the Christian world to regain the holy land from the Muslims.

Renaissance: The Rebirth of Europe

The period when the knowledge of the Greeks and Romans was rediscovered. Culture began to glorify man again instead of the king and the church.

Reformation: Period when people began to reject

the corruption of the Medieval Church and make reforms.

Was started by Martin Luther.

A Changing Europe

The Enlightenment: Late 1600 and 1700’s, people began to emphasize reason and question long-standing beliefs and values.

Revolutions:

New ideas brought political and economic revolutions to Europe.

Power of the Monarchies became more limited and the people gained more power.

Industrial Revolution

Changed the way that people worked.

People began to work in factories and live in cities, increasing urbanization. Also led to the emergence of a middle class.

Began in England, due to the large coal deposits there.

Communism

New Political and Economic way of thinking. Founded by Karl Marx in his book, “The Communist Manifesto” According to Communism all things should be equal.

The believed that the working class, the proletariat, would rise up and overthrow the upper class, the Bourgeoisie.

There should be no private property, the government should own everything. Communism said that religion was the “Opium” of the people and therefore should not be allowed.

Conflict and Division

Political, social, ethnic, and economic divisions led to conflict in Europe in the 20 th century.

WWI: 1914-1918

The Central Powers (Austria Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Allied Powers: France, Russia, British Empire, Italy, and the United States. The allied powers won, Germany was greatly blamed for the conflict paving the way for the rise of Hitler and WWII.

World War II: 1939-1945

A lot of unfinished business form WWI, led to the break out of WWII.

Germany had been blamed for WWI and forced to pay reparations. With its government weak and economy broken Hitler’s NAZI party came to power.

The governments of Europe tired to appease Hitler at first as he took over territory, but the war started when Hitler invaded Poland. Axis Powers: NAZI Germany, Italy, and The Empire of Japan Allied Powers: England, France, The United States, and USSR

Holocaust

The attempted Genocide by the NAZIs of the Jews in Europe.

They also killed large numbers of Gypsies as well as the elderly, homosexuals, POW’s, and the mentally and physically handicap.

It is believed the Germans killed over 6 million Jews in the Holocaust. The total number of people killed may have been between 9-18 million.

The Cold War

Time of tension between the Communist and Democratic world.

After WWII, relations between the Soviet Union and the Western nations broke down.

Divided Europe: Europe was divided by the “Iron Curtain”, an imaginary line that divided the democratic west from the soviet satellite states in the east.

Germany: Germany was divided into two parts East Germany: Communist The Federal Republic of Germany: West Germany, Democratic Eastern Europe: Came under the influence of the Soviet Union and became communist.

New Era for Europe 1990’s In 1990 the Berlin Wall separating east and west Germany came down. Sweeping political changes hit the region and the Communist era and cold war came to an end.

The European Union

Organization whose goal was a united Europe in which goods, services and workers could move freely among members countries.

Uses the Euro Currency.

Cultures and Lifestyles Expression of Culture

Can include language, religion, and the arts.

Language

50 Different Languages Dialects: Over 100 different dialects.

Language Families

Group of related languages that developed from an earlier language. Romance Languages: Spanish, Portuguese, Italian. Based on Latin. English: About half Romance language and half Germanic languages.

Germanic Languages

German, Dutch, English, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian.

Religion: Has been a unifying and dividing force for

Europe.

Roman Catholicism

Dominant branch of Christianity in Europe.

Protestantism

Mostly Anglican, Lutheran and Reformed churches in northern and northwestern Europe.

Conflict in Northern Ireland

Religious and political conflict between the Catholics who are Irish and the Protestants who are part of the UK.

Northern Ireland has been for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict. In general, Protestants consider themselves British and Catholics see themselves as Irish. The campaigns of violence have become known popularly as The Troubles IRA: Irish Republican Army: Guerilla unit which has battled British rule in Northern Ireland. Many view them as terrorists.

Good Friday Peace Agreement: Met in 1998, allowed for some shared political power.

The Arts

European art has had a major influence on the world.

The Renaissance Architecture And much more

Quality of Life

Overall Europe has a high standard of living, they are a developed region. Western Europe has the highest standard of living. Eastern Europe is still trying to recover from the time it was Communist. Eastern Europe’s standard of living is behind that of the rest of Europe.

Education

Europeans have traditionally valued education.

The first universities were founded here.

Most European countries have literacy rates above 90%

State Sponsored Human Services Welfare States

Countries with tax-supported programs for higher education, health care, and social security.

Socialist Healthcare

Sweden, France, and England “From the cradle to the grave”

Lifestyles

Home Life Family life and extended families are still important to many Europeans.

Sports and Recreation

Soccer is the major sport of Europe Rugby is popular in the UK, France and Ireland.

Tennis Cricket Alpine sports, the Alps provide great area for recreation

Celebrations

Many religious holidays

Chapter 13: Living in Europe Changing Economies

European Union: Free-Trade organization of European countries.

Came to full power in 2000.

Common Market

Beginning of European Unity. Was formed after WWII, in 1951 for 6 European countries to cooperate in the sale of Steel and coal

EEC

European Economic Community Treaty from 1967-1968, increased cooperation among the European countries. Adding New Countries: Eastern European countries are being added to the European Union.

Eastern Europe

Because it used to be Communist, Eastern Europe is less economically developed than Western Europe.

During Communist times E. Europe focused on heavy industry instead of other, more profitable, industries These countries are making the shift from command to market economies.

People lost the economic and social security they had under the communist system.

Industry Manufacturing: Secondary Economic Activities

Manufacturing is found throughout Europe. Industry in an area is linked to the raw materials found in that area. The Ruhr valley in Germany is a major manufacturing area.

Heavy Industry

Heavy machinery, weapons, and industrial equipment. Most Communist countries focused on Heavy industry.

Light Industry

Textiles, food, processing, and consumer goods.

Service and Technology Industries: Tertiary Activities

About 60% of all Europeans work in service industries.

Banking is important in England and Switzerland.

Tourism and High-tech industries are also important.

Farming Techniques

Many work in agriculture, varies from country to country. The North European plain has very rich farmland, but crops vary in different parts of the region.

Mixed Farming

Raising different crops and animals together on the same farm.

Farm cooperatives

Organizations were farmers share in the growing and selling of products to cut costs and increase profit.

Under Communism there were two types of farms.

Collective Farms

Government owned farms where workers got a share of the profit and some of the goods.

State Farms

Farms where workers received a paid wage.

Genetically modified foods

Many Europeans reject genetically modified foods because they are afraid that these foods may be harmful.

Organic Farming

Because people fear genetically engineered food, there has been a push for natural, or organic, farming in Europe.

Transportation and Communications (Infrastructure)

Europe has a well developed infrastructure highways, waterways, roads, and airline travel.

They also have advanced media and communications systems.

Railways and Highways

Move freight and people, connecting industry to supplies and efficiently moving people throughout the region.

TGV’s

High-Speed Trains that travel up to 200 miles per hour.

They started in France in 1981 and now connect many European cities.

Chunnel

The Chunnel, or Channel-Tunnel, is a 31 mile tunnel that goes under the English Channel connecting England and France. Digging the tunnel took 15,000 workers over seven years, with tunneling operations conducted simultaneously from both ends. The Channel Tunnel is 31 miles long, of which 24 miles are undersea. The average depth is 150 feet underneath the seabed.

Autobahn

Major highway system in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Contrary to popular belief, only 40% of the autobahn has an unrestricted speed limit. The "recommended speed" is 130 km/h (80 mph). Austrian and Swiss autobahns have general speed limits of 130 km/h and 120 km/h (75 mph).

The average speed traveled on the autobahn in unregulated areas by automobiles not regulated by other laws is about 150 km/h (93 mph).

Seaports and Waterways

European ports handle about half the world’s international shipping. Ports include London, England; Odesa, Ukraine; and Rotterdam, the Netherlands: the largest port in the world.

Rivers

The Rhine and the Danube rivers carry freight across Europe.

Canals

Have been dug to connect many of these rivers.

Oceans

Shipping in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans

Communication Links

Western Europe is very modern in its telecommunications and media systems. Eastern Europe is not as advanced in this area.

Section 2: People and the Environment

Humans and the Environment Humans both affect and are affected by their environment

Tectonic Activity

There is heavy earthquake and volcanic activity in the Mediterranean and the Balkans. The Greek island of Thera was destroyed by a Volcano and the Roman city of Pompeii was also destroyed by a volcano.

Floods

Europe’s many rivers, seas, and its proximity to water make it very prone to flood in some areas.

Low Countries

Countries of The Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxemburg.

These countries are mostly below sea level.

In these areas they have Polder land.

Land that has had the water pumped off to reclaim the territory from the sea.

Venice

Italian city built on a foundation of sand in the Adriatic sea. It is slowly sinking and suffers from wave erosion caused by the boats there.

Pollution

Industry has caused major pollution in Europe.

The Black Triangle Region

G Notes C 13 S 2 An area of Poland, Eastern Germany and the Czceh republic the land is covered with black soot from the factories.

This region has a high sulfur content because of the burning of coal, especially lignite, a low-grade coal high in sulfur.

Acid Rain

Coal burning in factories releases sulfur which causes acid rain.

Bavarian Region: Germany's Forests

Emissions from coal- burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests

Industry

Industry and automobiles are the biggest contributors to air pollution in Europe. Air pollution in Eastern Europe is worse because they have not been monitoring their emissions as long as western Europe.

They also tend to burn lignite, a low grade coal with a high sulfur content.

Air Pollution

A problem throughout Europe that causes health problems.

Global Warming

Air pollution increases CO 2 warming. levels contributing to global

Reducing Pollution

Europeans recognize the negative impacts pollution has on their health and economy.

Cleanup Efforts

Cleaning waterways and reducing emissions.

Plans for the Future

Alternative fuels, switching from coal to natural gas to reduce emissions.

The European Union is working together to improve things.

Water Pollution

Europe’s rivers and waterways have been very polluted.

Western Europe has worked to improve conditions and clean up rivers.

Until the 1960’s all of the fish in the Thames in London had died, over the past 45-50 years the river has been restored.

But, in Poland, only about half of the raw sewage is treated.

The other half is dumped into the Vistula River. Agricultural run-off also contributes to water pollution.