Transcript Child Poverty in Egypt Contents •Definitions and Measurements of Child Poverty •Income Poverty Trends :The GrowthInequality-Poverty Triangle •How income poverty affects children: children in poor.

Child Poverty in Egypt
Contents
•Definitions and Measurements of Child
Poverty
•Income Poverty Trends :The GrowthInequality-Poverty Triangle
•How income poverty affects children:
children in poor households
•Child Poverty Situation: Global Criteria
Poverty Alleviation

Poverty reduction has become an important goal
of national and international development action.


According to the Global Human Development
Report for 2000, poverty limits human freedom
and deprives a person of dignity.


Poverty reduction is the first MDG goal , the
other goals are related closely to poverty.
Poverty Reduction Strategy
 In
designing poverty reduction strategy, four main
stages should be followed.
 First; identification of the poor;
 Second; assessment of main characteristics of the
poor in terms of their location, their socioeconomic and demographic characteristics;
 Third, assess factors that generates poverty;
identify linkages between economic and social
policy and child outcomes.

Finally poverty reduction strategies can be designed.
Why Child Poverty is Different than
Adult Poverty

Child Poverty differs from adult poverty in that it has
different causes and effects, and the impact of poverty
during childhood has permanent effects.

Children are particularly dependent on their care takers,
and thus, the situation of the mother, the father, the
family, and, in general, the immediate environment have
direct and strong impact on children’s wellbeing.


The focus is on child poverty but it is clear that children
are not isolated actors, and policies addressed to realize
children’s rights should be related to policies oriented
towards the women, families, and the community.
How can we define Child Poverty
 Children
experience poverty as an
environment that is damaging to their
mental, physical, emotional and spiritual
development.
 Expanding the definition of child poverty
beyond traditional conceptualizations,
such as low household income or low
levels of consumption, is particularly
important, UNICEF, 2005.
How to Measure Child Poverty
Two approaches to measuring child poverty
.
The first approach is the monetary
approach, which uses an income-based
poverty line to identify poverty.
 The second approach is the deprivation
approach, which establishes a set of basic
services and capabilities and then
measures the number of children who do
not have access to the basket of services
and capabilities.
Interrelation between nonmonetary and monetary child
poverty
Factors underlying Deprivation, Poverty and Disparity
Monetary
Factors
Non-Monetary
Factors
•Lack of monetary resources can cause deprivation, poverty and disparity
•But this is not always true. Income non-poor families may experience various
deprivation, and income-poor families may be saved from some deprivation.
Identification of the income
poverty
Debates about the methods of
poverty measurement are common;
•Views differ on
•Measurement of individual welfare
•Units of measurement
•Setting of poverty lines
Identification of income poverty,
cont.
*What is the standard of living indicator to measure
welfare? Total expenditure or income.
*How to distinguish between the poor and nonpoor? Draw a poverty line
*How can poverty levels be expressed in one
indicator? Headcount (% of the poor), poverty
gap (the gap between income of the poor and
poverty line).
Methodology for Constructing
Absolute Poverty Lines
•Draw Poverty line
Absolute poverty line will classify two persons at
the same real consumption level as poor or nonpoor, irrespective of the time or place
•The cost of basic needs methodology to
Construct absolute poverty lines is
usually used.
Poverty Lines Used in International
Comparisons
1$ and 2$
 Advantage:
Easy
to
compare
between
countries
 They suffer from problems:


They ignore differences in consumption patterns and
prices across regions
May not account for the differing “basic needs”
requirements of different household members
• For example, young versus old, male versus female

Usually ignore “economies of scale” within households
• Non-food items can be shared among household members.
• Estimates of PPP is based on baskets that do not reflect the
consumption pattern of the poor
Second Approach
Child poverty as severe deprivation
 The
measures of child poverty are based
on internationally agreed definitions
based on child rights.
 The
measures are: adequate nutrition,
safe drinking water, decent sanitation
facilities, health, shelter, education, and
information
Thresholds

Severe nutrition deprivation: children whose heights and
weights for their age were more than -3 standard
deviations below the median of the international reference
population i.e. severe anthropometric failure.

Severe water deprivation - children who only had access
to surface water (e.g. rivers) for drinking or who lived in
households where the nearest source of water was more
than 15 minutes away (e.g. indicators of severe
deprivation of water quality or quantity).

Severe deprivation of sanitation facilities – children
who had no access to a toilet of any kind in the vicinity of
their dwelling, e.g. no private or communal toilets or
latrines.
Thresholds, Cont.

Severe health deprivation – children who had not been
immunised against any diseases or young children who had
a recent illness involving diarrhoea and had not received
any medical advice or treatment.

Severe shelter deprivation – children in dwellings with more
than five people per room (severe overcrowding) or with no
flooring material (e.g. a mud floor).

Severe education deprivation – children aged between 7
and 18 who had never been to school and were not
currently attending school (e.g. no professional education of
any kind).

Severe information deprivation – children aged between 3
and 18 with no access to, radio, television, telephone or
newspapers at home.
Sources of Data
Poverty statistics rely on data from
 Household Income, Expenditure and
Consumption Surveys; HIECS
 Censuses;
 Health and Demographic Surveys.
 Labor Market Surveys/LFSS.
Surveys are nationally representative;
Between 1995/96 and 2004/05, overall Income
poverty has remained unchanged, yet with
worsening trend in Rural Upper Egypt
Overall
poverty is back
to the same level of
1995/96.
Almost 14 million
individuals (up from 11.5
not obtain their basic food
and non-food needs.
Poverty increased in all
regions between 2000 and
2005, but only Upper
Egypt deteriorated
between 1995 and 2005.
29.3
21.5
%
million in 1995/96 and 10.7
million in 1999/2000) could
39.1
1995/96 1999/00 2004/05
18.6
16.7
13.1
5.7
8.3
9.0
19.4
10.8
Metropolitan Lower Egypt Urban Lower Egypt Rural Upper Egypt Urban Upper Egypt Rural
All Egypt
19.6
Distribution of poor is uneven
across regions
1999/2000
2004/05
5.4% 4.2%
54.4%
22.1%
50.6%
5.4%
5.6%
26.2%
13.0%
Metropolitan
LowerEgyptRural
UpperEgyptRural
LowerEgyptUrban
UpperEgyptUrban
11.3%
Metropolitan
LowerEgyptRural
UpperEgyptRural
LowerEgyptUrban
UpperEgyptUrban
The Poverty-Growth-Inequality
Triangle
Absolute poverty and
poverty reduction
Distribution and
distributional
changes
Aggregate
income level and
growth
Case of Egypt: Growth
Incidence
Growth and Distribution

Period 95-00 showed
growth in expenditures
with increased
inequality;
Declining poverty
 Period 00-05 showed
decline in mean
expenditure and
increased inequality;
increasing poverty.
Growth
effect
on
poverty
Inequality
effect
on
poverty
Overall
effect
on
poverty
1995-2000
-
+
-
2000-2005
+
+
+
How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?
Poverty Risk by age , 2005 (percent)
25
20
15
10
5
0
P0
P1
18+
<18
P2
Total
Children have higher probability to live in poor households
How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?
Poverty Measurements by Household Structure
Urban
Male
Rural
Female
Male
Female
Married with no children
8.48
4.54
20.73
13.51
Married with 1-3 children
9.31
4.57
23.84
10.59
23.66
6.98
44.79
21.36
Widowed with no children
4.44
5.8
18.09
13.92
Widowed with 1-3 children
11.63
14.69
34.73
31.23
0
31
32.8
57.68
Never married
6.62
5.42
27.06
17.36
Others
2.37
12.66
22.58
21.56
10.19
9
27.56
20.55
Married with more than three
children
Widowed with more than three
children
All Households
How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?
Enrolment Rate
Enrolment Rate for Children Aged
6-15
Enrolment Rate by age and Gender
100
90
80
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Boys
Girls
Male headed Female All Children
households headed
households
Non Poor Poor Total
Girls
Boys
70
60
50
40
30
20
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
age
Enrollment
rates drop sharply at
secondary stage.
How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?
Net Enrolment Rate by School Type and Poverty Status for
different Levels of Education, 2004-05.
Net
Enrollment
Rate
Girls 'Net
Enrollment
Rate
Net
Enrollment
in Public
Schools
Net
Enrollment
Rate
Girls 'Net
Enrollment
Rate
Net
Enrollment
in Public
Schools
Urban Areas
Non Poor
96.68
96.47
83.58
65.66
65.28
59.58
Poor
90.27
88.34
88.39
56.86
56.65
55.59
Total
95.94
95.53
84.13
64.43
64.07
59.03
Rural Areas
Non Poor
95.30
94.49
94.40
66.07
66.28
65.31
Poor
87.98
83.43
87.02
54.50
49.75
53.80
Total
93.03
91.07
92.12
62.07
60.50
61.33
Secondary Schools
Urban Areas
Rural Areas
Non Poor
67.88
67.28
62.29
60.58
58.28
59.65
Poor
47.36
47.24
44.97
44.73
40.44
44.37
Total
64.76
64.41
59.66
55.12
52.32
54.39
How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?
illiteracy among poor children
•There are strong relation between
poverty and education attainment of
children.
• Large gender, urban/rural gaps for
both poor and non poor, do exist.
Illiteracy among children(1215yeaars)
25
20
15
10
5
0
BoysUrban
GirlsUrban
All
Urban
Non Poor
BoysRural
GirlsRural
Poor
All
All
Rural
High degree of female disadvantage in enrollment for poor girls,
where poverty interacts with gender to produce large gaps in
educational enrollment among the poor. This is the main factor
producing poverty.
How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?
Working children, 2005
Percentage of working children 6-14
7
Percentage of working children 15-17
45
40
6
35
5
30
4
25
3
20
15
2
10
1
5
0
0
Boys
Girls
Non Poor
Poor
All Children
Total
Boys
Girls
Non Poor
Poor
All Children
Total
How Does Income Poverty affect Children ?
Fertility Rate and Under Five Mortality Rate by Poverty Status,
2004-05.
Fertility Rate
Under Five Mortality
Urban
Non Poor
3.05
11.45
Poor
4.83
19.91
Total
3.31
12.76
Non Poor
3.45
19.1
Poor
4.72
27.86
Total
3.85
21.8
Non Poor
3.31
16.84
Poor
4.74
26.7
Total
3.69
19.5
Rural
All Egypt
Income Poverty and water
deprivation
+18
Non poor
Poor
All
• 23%
18 ‫أقل من‬
All
7.04
8.54
7.62
19.92
23.79
21.68
9.34
11.92
10.37
of poor children are water deprived .
• 16.9% of children are poor in terms of income
poverty and water deprivation
Poor Children and Shelter
Deprivation
+18
18 ‫اقل من‬
‫االجمالي‬
‫فقراء‬
0.19
0.39
0.27
‫غير فقراء‬
1.03
1.70
1.33
‫جمله‬
0.34
0.68
0.47
Distribution of Children by quintiles
of Wealth index
Wealth index Age 18+
Poorest
Age less
than 18
Total
18
22.3
19.8
Poorer
19.2
20.9
19.9
Middle
19.8
20.1
19.9
Richer
21.1
18.9
20.2
Richest
21.8
17.7
20.1
Total
100
100
100
Child Poverty: Deprivation Criteria
Water; Location
water * children of age less than 18 * Type of place of residence
Crosstabulation
% within children of age less than 18
Type of place
of residence
Urban
water
Rural
Total
water
Total
not deprived
deprived
not deprived
deprived
children of age less
than 18
Age less
than 18
Age 18+
98.9%
99.3%
1.1%
.7%
100.0%
100.0%
93.8%
94.4%
6.2%
5.6%
100.0%
100.0%
Total
99.2%
.8%
100.0%
94.1%
5.9%
100.0%
Child Poverty: Deprivation Criteria
Water; Wealth Index
water * children of age less than 18 * W ealth index Crosstabulation
% within children of age less than 18
Wealth i ndex
Poorest
water
Poorer
Total
water
Middle
Total
water
Ri cher
Total
water
Ri chest
Total
water
Total
not deprived
deprived
not deprived
deprived
not deprived
deprived
not deprived
deprived
not deprived
deprived
children of age less
than 18
Age less
Age 18+
than 18
86.6%
86.0%
13.4%
14.0%
100.0%
100.0%
97.1%
96.8%
2.9%
3.2%
100.0%
100.0%
98.6%
98.4%
1.4%
1.6%
100.0%
100.0%
99.4%
99.3%
.6%
.7%
100.0%
100.0%
99.8%
99.8%
.2%
.2%
100.0%
100.0%
Total
86.3%
13.7%
100.0%
96.9%
3.1%
100.0%
98.5%
1.5%
100.0%
99.4%
.6%
100.0%
99.8%
.2%
100.0%
Child Poverty: Deprivation Criteria
Shelter; Location
shelter * children of age less than 18 * Type of place of residence
Crosstabulation
% within children of age less than 18
Type of place
of residence
Urban
shelter
Rural
Total
shelter
Total
not deprived
deprived
not deprived
deprived
children of age less
than 18
Age less
Age 18+
than 18
97.3%
96.1%
2.7%
3.9%
100.0%
100.0%
78.7%
76.3%
21.3%
23.7%
100.0%
100.0%
Total
96.8%
3.2%
100.0%
77.7%
22.3%
100.0%
Child Poverty: Deprivation Criteria
Shelter; Wealth Index
shelter * children of age less than 18 * W ealth index Crosstabulation
% within children of age less than 18
Wealth i ndex
Poorest
shelter
Poorer
Total
shelter
Middle
Total
shelter
Ri cher
Total
shelter
Ri chest
Total
shelter
Total
not deprived
deprived
not deprived
deprived
not deprived
deprived
not deprived
deprived
not deprived
deprived
children of age less
than 18
Age less
Age 18+
than 18
52.6%
50.4%
47.4%
49.6%
100.0%
100.0%
80.3%
79.1%
19.7%
20.9%
100.0%
100.0%
96.7%
96.7%
3.3%
3.3%
100.0%
100.0%
99.7%
99.6%
.3%
.4%
100.0%
100.0%
99.9%
99.8%
.1%
.2%
100.0%
100.0%
Total
51.6%
48.4%
100.0%
79.8%
20.2%
100.0%
96.7%
3.3%
100.0%
99.7%
.3%
100.0%
99.9%
.1%
100.0%
Child Poverty: Deprivation Criteria
Education; Location
education * children of age 7-18 * Type of place of residence Crosstabulation
% within children of age 7-18
Type of place
of residence
Urban
education
Rural
Total
education
Total
not deprived
deprived
not deprived
deprived
children of age 7-18
Otherwise Age 7-18
98.0%
97.5%
2.0%
2.5%
100.0%
100.0%
95.2%
92.5%
4.8%
7.5%
100.0%
100.0%
Total
97.9%
2.1%
100.0%
94.4%
5.6%
100.0%
Child Poverty: Deprivation Criteria
Education; Wealth Index
education * children of age 7-18 * W ealth index Crosstabulation
% within children of age 7-18
Wealth i ndex
Poorest
education
Poorer
Total
education
Middle
Total
education
Ri cher
Total
education
Ri chest
Total
education
Total
not deprived
deprived
not deprived
deprived
not deprived
deprived
not deprived
deprived
not deprived
deprived
children of age 7-18
Otherwise
Age 7-18
92.2%
84.7%
7.8%
15.3%
100.0%
100.0%
95.0%
94.1%
5.0%
5.9%
100.0%
100.0%
96.9%
97.7%
3.1%
2.3%
100.0%
100.0%
98.2%
98.7%
1.8%
1.3%
100.0%
100.0%
99.0%
99.5%
1.0%
.5%
100.0%
100.0%
Total
89.9%
10.1%
100.0%
94.7%
5.3%
100.0%
97.1%
2.9%
100.0%
98.4%
1.6%
100.0%
99.1%
.9%
100.0%
Statistical Analysis is expected to
answer questions like

How has poverty been changing in recent years?

What does this imply for the supports and services available to children,
women and their families, including to those with limited resources and/or
special disadvantages?

To what degree do national and sub-national dimensions (such as region or
residence), household and community dimensions (e.g. household structure,
income/wealth, gender, age, or education of the household members), and
individual characteristics (such as gender and age of the child) correlate with
and/or explain child poverty and/or poor results?

What deprivations in what part of the country, and among which groups of
households or children, boys or girls, are the most frequent and/or
persistent?

How have the perceived changes and patterns in child poverty and disparity
relate to changes in income inequality and disparity/inadequacy in financing
the social sectors?

What other factors might be at work behind deterioration or improvement in
outcomes?