What Makes Us Civilized? P. • Political Organization P. E. • Political Organization • Economy.
Download ReportTranscript What Makes Us Civilized? P. • Political Organization P. E. • Political Organization • Economy.
What Makes Us Civilized? P. • Political Organization P. E. • Political Organization • Economy P. E. R. • Political Organization • Economy • Religion P. E. R. S. • • • • Political Organization Economy Religion Society/Social Classes P. E. R. S. I. • • • • • Political Organization Economy Religion Society/Social Classes Innovations/Technology P. E. R. S. I. A. • • • • • • Political Organization Economy Religion Society/Social Classes Innovations/Technology Art/Architecture Mesopotamia Land Between Two Rivers Crossroads of Three Continents Mesopotamia The Fertile Crescent •Floods unpredictable •No natural barriers for defense •Few natural resources except reeds Sumerians 3000 BCE Sumerian Political Organization • Priests with religious and power – Success of crops – irrigation • Warrior kings – Defense – Dynasties • • • • City-states—Ur Laws Taxes Public Works – Ziggurats – Walled cities Royal Standard of Ur What does this reveal about Mesopotamian culture? Found in the royal cemetery. Depicts scenes of war and peace Economy • Agriculture – Catastrophic floods • Irrigation • Canals – Date Palms, grains such as barley and wheat • Trade – Traded—grain, cloth, crafted tools – Received—stone, wood, metal Mesopotamian Trade From Egypt to India Sumerian Cylinder Seals •Carved in reverse to leave a negative image. •Used as receipts and to show ownership. Religion • • • • Polytheistic Goddesses Afterlife Pessimistic Society • Social Hierarchy • • • • Kings, ruling family and Priests Merchants, scribes, lesser priests Peasant farmers Slaves – Captured in war – Sold self into slavery to pay off debts Sumerian Scribes Over 500 characters— required years of schooling Innovations • • • • • • • Cuneiform Canals, dams, irrigation Mud bricked walls Wheeled vehicles, sail, plow?? Number system based on 60 Arches, columns, ramps Ziggurat Cuneiform Wedge Shaped Writing on Clay Tablets Earliest form of writing Deciphering Cuneiform Metallurgy Skills What is the significance that gold could not be found within 200 miles of Mesopotamia? Art and Architecture Ziggurats Tallest building in the city-state Grim view of afterlife • Babylonian – Hammurabi • Law Code Hammurabi’s Code STELE Hammurabi the Judge “Eye for an eye” Why are written laws important? The Ancient Egyptians These expensive projects were part of the reason for the decline. Climatic disasters also led to decreased grain supply Slaves were not used to build these but rather peasants who did so instead of paying taxes, public works projects, or serving in the military Satellite photo of Nile River Deserts, jungles, seas, and cataracts provided natural barriers Rich, fertile soil Source=Lake Victoria to the south Optimistic outlook Reliance on floods Nile River “Longest River in the World” Lower Upper Egypt: The Gift of the Nile •Canals built to connect Red Sea and Nile River •95% of the Egyptian people live on 5% of the land Annual flooding of the Nile The Fertile Nile Valley What can you tell about the Egyptians from the picture? Irrigation Menes Unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt 3000 BCE 1st Pharaoh Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Housing Peasant Homes Daily Life Social Hierarchy Women could own property and succeed to the throne Pharoahs Thutmose III Amenhotep Queen Hatshepsut “Akenaton” 1480 BCE 1370 BCE Akenaton “First Monotheist?” Said he was=to sun god Priests unhappy= Why? Tutankhamen Ramses Last Pharaoh Archaeologist Howard Carter 1922 Priestly Class Scribe First scribes were priests Papyrus = Paper Hieratic Scroll Piece Used to make rope, mats, sandals, baskets Champollion and the Rosetta Stone •1799—French troops •Stone commemorates visit of Greek Ambassador—written in hieroglyphics, hieratic, and Greek Hieroglyphics 24 letters plus 700 phonetics Literacy needed in the bureaucracy to keep the records Gods and Goddesses Osiris God of underworld Isis Horus Book of the Dead A collection of hymns as a guide to the afterlife. Anubis weighs heart against feather The Final Judgment Osiris, Anubis, Horus Trade Routes Nile, Canals to Red Sea, Overland Innovations Medical texts Hieroglyphics Math based on units of ten Astronomy Hittites Beginning of Iron Age origin in present day Turkey 1900 BCE-1193 BCE Spoke wheeled chariots Iron Weapons The Harappan Civilization 3300 BCE - 2400 BCE Citadel of Mohenjo-Daro Grid layout Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro Main Street, Mohenjo-Daro pottery, Mohenjo-Daro Bison Seal, Mohenjo-Daro Necklace, Mohenjo-Daro Public Well, Harappa Unicorn Seal, Harappa Burial Pottery, Harappa Harappan Writing Undecipherable to date. China’s History Shang Dynasty 1700-1027 BCE Huang He River Oracle Bones Zhou 1028-771 BCE Mandate of Heaven The Zhou justified taking over from the Shang by saying that they had lost divine approval to rule Zhou Dynasty 1029-258 BCE • • • • Leaders/Traits Walled cities Trade routes between cities Mandate of Heaven Feudalism Philosophy • Daoism – Laozi – 500’s BCE • Confucianism – – – – Mencius Analects Chaotic government 522 BCE