Transcript Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293…… 23/9/2013 Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2013 Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012

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Diunduh dari:
http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293……
23/9/2013
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2013
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Tujuan integrasi
Tujuan desain MM
Diunduh dari:
…… 23/9/2012
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Increasing interest in and advocacy for mixed
methods
Evolving understanding of what is mixed
methods research
Developing designs and innovative techniques
“The emergence of mixed methods as a third
methodological movement in the social and behavioral
sciences began during the 1980’s.” (Tashakkori &
Teddlie, 2003: 697)
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“Combining qualitative and quantitative
methods has gained broad appeal in
public health research.” (1999)
Mentioned several
approaches for combining
qualitative and
quantitative research
Advanced considerations for deciding
what model to use (literature
available, prior studies,
realistic design, expertise)
Suggested to describe each
method thoroughly
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BUKU-BUKU TENTANG MMR
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A New Journal
Journals
Devoted to Mixed Methods:
Fieldwork Quality and
Quantity Mixed Method
Approaches
Editors: John W. Creswell
and Abbas Tashakkori
Managing Editor: Vicki L.
Plano Clark
Email: [email protected]
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Mixed Methods Conference,
Cambridge, England, July 21-24, 2008
 Proposed mixed methods conference,
Sydney, Australia, 2009
 Discipline conferences with mixed
methods papers
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Is there a post-positivist leaning to mixed methods?
 Howe, K. R. (2004). A critique of experimentalism. Qualitative Inquiry, 10, 42-61.
 Giddings, L. S. (2006). Mixed-methods research: Positivism dressed in drag? Journal
of Research in Nursing, 11(3), 195-2003.
 Holmes, C. A. (2007). Mixed(up) methods, methodology and interpretive frameworks.
Contributed paper for the Mixed Methods Conference, Cambridge, University, July
10-12, 2006.
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What are the limits for mixed methods research?
 Sale, J. E. M., Lohfeld, L. H., Brazil, K. (2002). Revisiting the quantitative-qualitative
debate: Implications for mixed-methods research. Quality and Quantity, 36, 43-53.
 Leahey, E. (2007). Convergence and confidentiality? Limits to the implementation
of mixed methodology. Social Science Research, 36, 149-158.
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Is there a dominant discourse in mixed methods research?
• Freshwater, D. (2007). Reading mixed methods research: Contexts for criticism.
Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 134-146.
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Identifying a research problem
Reviewing the literature
Identifying a purpose
and stating questions
Collecting data
Analyzing and interpreting data
Reporting and evaluating the study
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Ethnography
Case Study Research Narrative research Experimental
research
Qual ----- Quan
Qual----- Quan
Qual-----Quan
Qual---- Quan
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Multi-method
Triangulation
Integrated
Combined
Quantitative and qualitative methods
Multi-methodology
Mixed methodology
Mixed-method
Mixed research
Mixed methods
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Data Konvergen:
Qual
Results
Quan
Connect data:
Qual
Quan
Results
Embed the data:
Quan data
Qual data
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Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
Validity – to corroborate quan and qual data
Offset – offset weaknesses of quan and qual and draw on
strengths
 Completeness – more comprehensive account that qual or
quan alone
 Process – quan provides outcomes; qual, the processes
 Explanation – qual can explain quan results or vice-versa
 Unexpected results – surprising results from one, other
explains
 Instrument development – qual employed to design
instrument
 Credibility – both approaches enhance integrity of findings
 Context – qual provides context; quan provides general.
 Utility – more useful to practitioners
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Pragmatism (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003)
 Focus on research question
 What “works,” consequences
 Multiple methods – large toolkit
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Transformative (Mertens, 2003)
 Transform lives of under represented,
marginalized groups
 Incorporate this focus into all phases of research
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Key Developments
 Notation
 Typologies
 Diagrams of procedures
 Complex evaluation models
 Reconceptualizing designs
 Emergence of innovations in procedures
Unusual blends
Methodological issues
Data analysis techniques
Presentation techniques
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Approach
Type
Purpose
Limitations
Resolutions
QUAL + quan
Simultaneous
Enrich description
of sample
Qualitative sample
Utilize normative
data for comparison
of results
QUAL
Sequential
Test emerging H,
determine
distribution of
phenomenon in
population
Qualitative sample
Draw adequate
random sample
from same
population
quan
QUAN + qual
Simultaneous
To describe part of
phenomena that
cannot be quantified
Quantitative sample
Select appropriate
theoretical sample
from random
sample
QUAN
Sequential
To examine
unexpected results
Quantitative sample
Select appropriate
theoretical sample
from random
sample
qual
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Parsimonious Designs (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007)
Concurrent Mixed Methods Designs
Triangulation Design
QUAN
Data &
Results
QUAL
Data &
Results
Interpretation
Embedded Design
QUAN
Pre-test
Data &
Results
Intervention
qual
Process
QUAN
Post-test
Data &
Results
Interpretati
on
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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Sequential Designs - Mixed Methods Designs
Explanatory Design
QUAN
Data &
Results
Following up
qual
Data &
Results
Interpretati
on
Exploratory Design
QUAL
Data &
Results
Building to
quan
Data &
Results
Interpretati
on
Sequential Embedded Design
Beforeintervention
qual
QUAN
Intervention
Trial
Afterintervention
qual
Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
Interpreta
tion
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Combinations of methods that could be chosen
The epistemological and ontological
implications of what is chosen
The practicalities of carrying out the research
How the data are going to be brought together
(lack of theory?)
Tensions between approaches and methods
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Multiple Method Research Designs (MMRD)
▪ Multi-method designs -1+ method within paradigms
▪ Mixed methods designs -1+ method mixed
paradigms
▪ Combining methods – 1+ method, one subsumed to
other?
▪ Integrating methods – 1+ method of equal weight?
▪ Triangulation – outcome of MMRD?*
▪ Data transformation
 Quantitized data
 Qualitized data
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Emic and etic understandings?
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Multiple research questions?
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Multiple facets or contexts
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Multiple of singular reality?
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Mixed phenomena?
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Sequential or parallel?
Linked or independent?
Respondent enrolment
Development of research instruments
Time required
Costs – value for money?
Necessary expertise?
Team organisation and communication
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Where’s your theory? How does that help?
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Assumptions and presumptions –
negotiating a path through/round them
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Integration; triangulation; combination?
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When are you going to integrate? Have you
missed the moment?
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Will your audience understand?
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Methodological
▪ Differing findings
▪ Unit of analysis
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Political
▪ Preference/requirements of ‘audiences’
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Practical
▪ Time
▪ Money
▪ Age of data
 Multi-faceted nature of all phenomena
 Contextuality
 Micro-meso-macro dimensions /
relationships
 Agency and structure
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Essentialist approaches
Constructionist approaches
Fixed state/status
Contextual and fluid
An inherent weakness or something managed
and negotiated?
Children and vulnerability
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Which one and why that?
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Insufficient for some purposes
 eg Policy development
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Cannot elaborate micro-meso-macro
interfaces and relationships
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Structure and agency
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Some presumptions are problematic
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Multi-dimensional phenomenon
 Access via different methods derived from an
interpretivist stance
 Can explore contingency and dynamic aspects
 Draw on emic and etic conceptualisations to plan
a strong design for mixed methods
 Can explore structural relationships and
agency/structure interfaces
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Census data
National data sets (eg GHS)
National statistical returns (eg Crime statistics for HO)
Published research findings
Local surveys (primary data)
Local statistics (secondary/primary data)
Limited data about children
Pertanyaan Penelitian
 Specific (hypotheses)
 Determined at start by outside ‘experts’/prior
research
 Limited by what is available eg area; analysis unit
The example of children and non-domestic violence
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Area level: ‘risky’ areas?
▪ Deprived areas (IMD measurements): are high
crime rates against children associated with
neighbourhood levels of deprivation?
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Individual level: vulnerable people?
▪ Are children more or less vulnerable to nondomestic violence than other age groups?
▪ How does this vary by (eg) age, ethnicity, gender,
imputed social class, household income?
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Children are often seen as inherently vulnerable
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Particularly the case in policy terms
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Indirect challenge from sociology of childhood
 Agency ; social actors
 But ambivalence about children as vulnerable
members of society
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Interested in the different ways in which children
might construct, explain and experience
vulnerability
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Theoretical integration with macro level
understandings of children as vulnerable
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Children aged between 10 and 18, living at home
with at least one parent
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No predetermined definition of vulnerability
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Interviews to explore how they conceptualised
vulnerability and how they responded to it
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Photo-elicitation and video-journey interviews
in addition
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Focus here on integrated findings for nondomestic safety and vulnerability
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Vulnerability emerges as contextual to the social worlds
of the participants
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Reflects the ways in which children/young people are
positioned between structures which constrain their
actions on the basis of their age, and their own desires,
opportunities, and abilities to be (relatively)
autonomous social actors
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Vulnerability is a site around which the relationship
between their structural position in their families, and
in society more generally, and their status as social
actors is played out
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Using a mixed methods approach
 Interface between micro and macro
dimensions of physical safety,
distributions of risk, violence
 Would need primary data to capture
distributions of management strategies
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Mengkombinasikan
metode/data/analysis sedemikian rupa
sehingga:
 Mereka membentuk satu kesatuan
 Menjaga sifat0sifat paradigmatiknya
masing-masing (tidak mencampur-adukkan
satu-sama lain)
 Menghasilkan kontribusi yang sama nilainya
▪ Integrasi sejak awal riset
▪ Selama pengumpulan data
▪ Melalui Analisis Data
▪ Melalui Interpretasi
▪ Sebagai hasil Presentasi
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