Transcript Third UNECE Regional Implementation Meeting on Sustainable Development Interactive discussion: Africa Africa and Sustainable Development Jiří HLAVÁČEK Director Department of Multilateral Relations Ministry of the Environment of the.

Third UNECE Regional Implementation Meeting
on Sustainable Development
Interactive discussion: Africa
Africa and Sustainable Development
Jiří HLAVÁČEK
Director
Department of Multilateral Relations
Ministry of the Environment
of the Czech Republic
www.env.cz
Vršovická 65
100 10 Prague 10, Czech Republic
Tel.: +420-267-122-827
Fax: +420-267- 310-015
E-mail: [email protected]
Agreed Challenges for Africa
• To implement respective international commitments (e.g.
Millennium Development Goals of 2000, Johannesburg Plan
of Implementation of 2002);
• To reduce poverty and internal and regional social exclusions
(NEPAD, NSDS, NPRPs)
The Human Development Index and African Countries in 2004
1.
2.
3.
High Human Development Index Value 1 – 0.800 (Seychelles, Mauritius)
Medium Human Development Index Value 0.799 – 0.500 (Libya, Tunisia,
Algeria, Cape Verde, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, South Africa, Morocco,
Gabon, Namibia, Sao Tomé and Principe, Botswana, Comoros, Ghana,
Republic of Congo, Sudan, Madagascar, Cameroon, Uganda, Swaziland)
Low Human Development Index Value 0.499 – 0 (Togo, Djibouti,
Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Mauritania, Gambia, Senegal, Eritrea, Rwanda,
Nigeria, Guinea, Angola, Tanzania, Benin, Ivory Coast, Zambia, Malawi,
Dem. Rep. of Congo, Mozambique, Burundi, Ethiopia, Chad, Central African
Rep., Guinea-Bissau, Burkina Faso, Mali, Sierra Leone, Niger)
Source: “Human Development Report 2006”, United Nations Development Programme, New York, 2006, pp. 283-286
Governance
• To ensure good governance at national and regional levels
(African Union of 2000), conflict prevention and solution
measures;
• Democracy and Political Governance Initiative – APRM
(NEPAD)
The Political Governance Index
1.
2.
3.
Good Level of Governance Index 1-64 (Mauritius, Ghana, South Africa, Benin,
Botswana, Mali, Namibia, Sao Tomé and Principe)
Moderate Level of Governance Index 65-128 (Lesotho, Senegal, Kenya,
Madagascar, Niger, Seychelles, Burundi, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mozambique,
Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Burkina Faso, Malawi, Nigeria, Zambia)
Low Level of Governance Index 129-192 (Central African Rep., Gambia,
Morocco, Uganda, Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Gabon, Mauritania,
Algeria, Angola, Chad, Egypt, Guinea, Rwanda, Togo, Tunisia, Cameroon, Dem.
Rep. of Congo, Ivory Coast, Swaziland, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Somalia,
Zimbabwe, Libya, Sudan)
Source: Freedom House and Rapporteurs sans frontières, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/611133186550
Governance and Economy
• To promote economic freedom (the NEPAD Economic and
Corporate Governance Initiative, 2001);
• To promote economic competitiveness at global level through
diversification of economy (efforts to establish African
Economic Community by 2040, economic recovery strategies);
• To promote regional and sub-regional integration instruments
(e.g. ECOWAS, SADC, COMESA)
The Index of Economic Freedom
No African country categorized as free and mostly free
1.
Moderately free (Mauritius, Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, Uganda,
Swaziland, Madagascar, Tunisia)
2.
Mostly unfree (Kenya, Senegal, Cape Verde, Ghana, Zambia, Gambia, Morocco,
Mozambique, Tanzania, Ivory Coast, Malawi, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Benin,
Ethiopia, Cameroon, Lesotho, Mali, Niger, Mauritania, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea,
Gabon, Djibouti, Nigeria, Algeria, Rwanda, Central African Rep.,)
3.
Repressed (Togo, Sierra Leone, Burundi, Chad, Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Republic
of Congo, Zimbabwe, Libya)
Source: The Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal, 2007 Index of Economic Freedom
Governance and Environment
• To halt negative impact on environment in particular by
agriculture, mining, logging, urbanisation;
• AMCEN activities (1985);
• Involvement in MEAs;
• NEPAD – The Environment Initiative (8 sub-themes for
priority interventions, including combating desertification),
Action Plan (2003);
• Africa – environmental creditor of the world (in 2003:
ecological footprint 1.1 gha/person, biocapacity 1.3
gha/person)
International Response - Trends
Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to Africa (US$ billion)
2000
2001
2002
9.6
20.0
12.9
2003
2004
2005
18.5
17.2
30.7 (3.4 %
of global FDI)
But: Focus on some major recipient countries and on export
oriented sectors (oil, gas, minerals)
Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2006
Are We Able to Overcome Obstacles?
• To promote good governance standards;
• To promote economy diversification (infrastructure,
agriculture, etc);
• To build partnership with local private and parastatal
sector;
• To ensure high quality education and training of
labour force in the long-term perspective.
International Response - Trends
Aid Flows to Africa, ODA net total, All donors (US$ billion)
2000
2001
2002
15.5
16.4
21.4
26.8
29.4
35.2 (32.9 %
of global ODA)
But: Is the whole ODA corresponding to the sustainable
development goals (sustainability criteria)?
Source: OECD Development Assistance Committee 2007.
2003
2004
2005
UNECE Region
Attention Paid to Africa Is Increasing
Examples:
• G8 Summits (e.g. Gleneagles 2005);
• The OECD African Economic Outlook (2007);
• EU Strategy for Africa, EU Africa Summit (Lisbon, 2007), Joint Strategy
and the Action Plan;
• USA (e.g. Africa Education Initiative, Initiative to End Hunger in Africa,
Women´s Justice and Empowerment in Africa);
• Canada (e.g. Canada Fund for Africa, Pan-Africa Programme);
• Preparations for the 3rd High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (Accra,
2 – 4 September 2008)
Europe: Emerging New Donors
• Economic transformation processes in some parts of Europe
completed, potential to redirect aid to Africa;
• New EU member states – new targets concerning ODA
contributions (0.17 % GNI by 2010; 0.33% GNI by 2015);
• New EU member states have been focusing rather on Eastern
Europe and Central Asia than on Africa so far;
• Challenge: To increase cooperation with Africa – ODA, trade
and economic cooperation (example of the Czech Republic)
Source: Development Centre of the Institute of International Relations, Prague
Source: Development Centre of the Institute of International Relations, Prague
Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Czech Republic
Recommendations for development cooperation
• Synergic approach to country-driven projects, i.e. focus on achievement
of long-term goals, building a feeling of a common ownership of the
project outcomes, gradual transfer of the responsibility to the Africa
countries and their national interest groups;
• Proper preparation of integrated projects reflecting sustainable
development, improvement of the social status of the African society
entities and environment protection, with respect to the gender aspects;
• To integrate specialized education in the projects and programmes, to
support the vocational training of the local community, particularly young
generation, and to strengthen the participation of all the stakeholders
in decision making;
• Fair partnership, mutual benefits, interdependence Europe - Africa.
Thank you for your attention.