Transcript Hydrogen Fuel Cells April 5, 2004 Gary Flomenhoft, BSME, MAPP, CEE Research Associate Gund Institute, SNR Owner: InnEVations.com.

Hydrogen Fuel Cells
April 5, 2004
Gary Flomenhoft,
BSME, MAPP, CEE
Research Associate
Gund Institute, SNR
Owner:
InnEVations.com
ENERGY STORAGE
Performance of Energy Storage Systems
Fuel
Specific Energy
Wh/kg
Gasoline
12,300
Natural gas
9,300
Hydrogen
33,000
Lead-acid battery
30
Advanced Lead Acid
48
Gasoline:C8H18
ENERGY STORAGE
Performance of Advanced EV Battery Systems
Energy Density
Wh/kg
Power Density
W/kg
Life
Cycles
Lead-acid battery
30
150
300
USABC
Advanced Lead Acid
48
150
800
and others
GM Ovonic nickel metal
hydride
70
220
>600
SAFT nickel metal hydride
70
150
1,500
SAFT lithium ion
120
230
600
Lithium polymer
150
350
<600
60
255
500
160-220
low
?
Source:
Evercel Nickel-zinc
Zinc-Air
Composite Flywheels
Supercapacitors
120
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY
SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE
ASSOC.
COMPOSITE FLYWHEELS
SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE
ASSOC.
SUPERCAPACITORS
SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE
ASSOC.
ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL
SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE
ASSOC.
MECHANICAL RECHARGE
ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL
SOURCE:
METALLIC
POWER.COM
ENERGY DENSITY BY WEIGHT AND VOLUME
SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE
ASSOC.
CARB DEFINITIONS
Passenger car emissions reduction
C
L
E
A
N
E
R
HC
CO
NOx
TLEV- Transitional Low-Emission 50%
NR
NR
Vehicle
LEV- Low-Emission Vehicle
70%
NR
50%
ULEV- Ultra-Low-Emission
85%
50%
50%
SULEV- Super-Ultra-Low-Emission 96%
Vehicle (90% cleaner than 2003 average)
70%
95%
PZEV-Partial Zero-Emission-
96%
70%
95%
Vehicle
SULEV & 15 year/150K mile
warranty and 0 evaporative emissions.
Vehicle (50% cleaner than the average new
2003 model year vehicle. )
AT PZEV-Advanced Technology 96%
PZEV (CNG, hybrid-electric,
70%
95%
methanol, fuel cell)
PZEV & and include advanced
technology components.
ZEV-Zero-Emission Vehicles (98%
100%
cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle.)
100%
100%
What is a Fuel Cell Vehicle?
FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2004 FORD
The Ford Focus FCV fuel cell system is efficient,
quiet, and produces zero emissions. Ford has
announced plans to have a three year
demonstration program of 5-10 fleet vehicles in
Vancouver, Canada in 2004.
FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2003 Honda
Honda is delivering a family of new FCX fuelcell vehicles to its first customer, the city of Los
Angeles. Honda plans to lease approximately
30 fuel-cell cars in California and Japan
during the next several years. The fuel-cell
itself is propelled by electricity generated by a
hydrogen-oxygen chemical reaction—and its
only emission, remarkably, is water vapor.
FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2003 TOYOTA
(NOT
AVAILABLE)
Its only exhaust is water vapor. Its
secret? A hydrogen fuel cell that
harnesses the electricity of separated
atoms and molecules as they strive to be
electrically balanced. Developed entirely
in-house, FCHV-4 shows Toyota on the
leading edge of fuel-cell technology.
FUEL CELL VEHICLES-NISSAN
X-TRAIL FCV
Nissan is actively developing fuel cell
vehicles (FCVs) that have low
environmental impact and save energy.
Commercialization is scheduled for
2003.(?????)
FUEL CELL VEHICLES-GM
PROTOTYPE
The Hy-wire has no internal
combustion engine, instrument
panel, brake or accelerator
pedals – but it does have
ample power supplied by a
GM fuel cell that runs on
hydrogen.
FUEL CELL VEHICLES-DAIM/CHRYSLER
FUEL CELL VEHICLES-DAIM/CHRYSLER
FUEL CELL VEHICLES-HYUNDAI
HYDROGEN FUEL CELL OPERATION
SOURCE:
Schatz Energy Lab
Humboldt State U.
PEM HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS
SOURCE:
Schatz Energy Lab
Humboldt State U.
PEM= Proton Exchange Membrane (“Nafion”tm)
SOME SURPRISING FACTS ABOUT HYDROGEN
Q1) IS HYDROGEN A revolutionary NEW
ENERGY SOURCE?
Where does hydrogen come from?
Fossil: nat gas, propane, gasoline, methanol
Renewable: electric wind, solar, etc. electrolyze water
Methane (CH4), methanol(CH3OH), ammonia(NH3?)
A) HYDROGEN STORES & TRANSPORTS
ENERGY. A CARRIER NOT A SOURCE.
Q2) WHICH IS MORE EFFICIENT, FUEL
CELL OR BATTERIES?
A) BATTERIES
H2 Fuel Cell Efficiency
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
oil (gasoline) -> IC engine 15%
BATTERY POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Oil-> power plant -> electricity ~=45%
transmission~=80%
battery charging ~=80%
electric drive system ~=80%
.45 x .8 x .8 x .8 = 23%
FUEL CELL POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Oil-> power plant-> electricity~=45%
electricity transmission ~=80%
H2 electrolyzer max efficiency ~=70%
H2 fuel cell max efficiency ~=50%
Electric drive system ~=80%
.45 x .8 x .7 x .5 x .8 = 10%
SOLAR FUEL CELLS ?
SOURCE:
Schatz
Energy Lab
Humboldt
State U.
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