Transcript CHAPTER 8 Body Image © 2013 MCGRAW -HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. WHAT SHAPES BODY IMAGE? • Body image is the mental representation that.

CHAPTER 8
Body Image
© 2013 MCGRAW -HILL EDUCATION. ALL
RIGHTS RESERVED.
1
WHAT SHAPES BODY IMAGE?
• Body image is the mental representation that a person
has of his or her own body, including perceptions,
attitudes, thoughts and emotions
• Culture has a strong influence on body image
• The advertising industry and the media are relentless in
selling the American consumer an image of the ideal
body
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2
WOMEN AND BODY IMAGE
•
Our culture still tells women that their most important job is to be
beautiful
• From infancy onward, girls are described as “delicate,” “soft,” and
“pretty”
• Females are encouraged to define themselves in terms of their
bodies
• The media places heavy emphasis on women’s physical attributes
rather than their abilities, performance, or accomplishments
• Since the 1950s, the imagined ideal female body is seen as thinner
• Women experience high levels of dissatisfaction with their bodies
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3
WOMEN AND BODY IMAGE
•
Belief in the thin ideal and body dissatisfaction can lead to dieting
• This combination increases the risk for disordered eating behaviors
• Calorie restriction: a reduction in calorie intake below daily needs
• Purging: using self-induced vomiting, laxatives, or diuretics to get rid of excess
calories that have been consumed
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4
WOMEN AND BODY IMAGE
•
Puberty has significant effects on body image
• Eating disorders are most likely to develop during adolescence
• Body fat increases in healthy girls from 12% to 25% during puberty, which causes
many girls to become concerned about their bodies
• By sixth grade, twice as many girls as boys consider themselves fat, even though
they are not overweight by objective standards
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5
MEN AND BODY IMAGE
•
Male body image has been less affected by cultural expectations and the media than
female body image has
• Historically, men have been judged by achievement and strength more than looks
• In the past, media and advertising have promoted a masculine image that
emphasizes power, action, performance, and choice
• Men are more satisfied with their body size and appearance compared to women
• Men are more shape-oriented rather than weight-oriented
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MEN AND BODY IMAGE
•
As with women, the ideal male body shape has become more unrealistic, distorted, and
extreme
• Muscle dysmorphia is a disorder in which one perceives his body to be
underdeveloped no matter how highly developed his muscles are
• About 10% of eating disorders are now diagnosed in men
• Eating disorders among men may have been underdiagnosed because these
disorders have been considered a female problem
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SPORTS AND BODY IMAGE
•
Sports may provide protection against eating disorders by promoting performance rather
than appearance
•
High-level athletes often succeed because of their high expectations of themselves
•
Athletes often learn to disregard signals from their bodies, including pain, during training
•
The risk for eating disorders appears to be greatest for athletes competing at elite levels,
such as college teams
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8
DISORDERED EATING AND EATING
DISORDERS
•
Disordered eating behaviors are common and widespread
• Restrictive dieting, skipping meals, binge eating and purging, laxative abuse, etc.
• May occur in response to emotional stress, an upcoming athletic event, concern
about personal appearance, etc.
• Disordered eating behaviors may or may not develop into a full-blown eating disorder
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DISORDERED EATING AND EATING
DISORDERS
•
Eating disorders are conditions characterized by severely disturbed eating behaviors,
distorted body image, and low self-esteem
• Jeopardize physical and mental health
• Occur primarily among people in Western industrialized countries
• Occur in all ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic groups
• More prevalent when food is abundant and has taken on symbolic meanings such as
comfort, love, belonging, fun, and control
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CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
•
More than the simple exposure to the thin ideal and social pressures
• Family history of eating disorders, depression, substance abuse, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, or obesity
• Gender
• Females at greater risk than males
• Gay and bisexual men at greater risk than heterosexual males
• A history of depression and anxiety
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11
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
Factors contributing to eating disorders.
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CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
•
Certain characteristics or thought patterns associated with eating disorders, including:
•
Low self-esteem
•
Self-critical attitude
•
Belief in the importance of thinness
•
Black-and-white thinking
•
Feelings of emptiness
•
Need for power and control
•
Difficulty expressing feelings
•
Lack of coping skills
•
Lack of trust in self or others
•
Perfectionism
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DIAGNOSING EATING DISORDERS
•
Anorexia nervosa:
• Refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight
• Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight
• Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue
influence of body weight on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of low body
weight
• Amenorrhea—the absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles
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DIAGNOSING EATING DISORDERS
•
Bulimia Nervosa:
• Marked by consuming large amounts of food, then using inappropriate means
(binging or excessive exercise) to rid themselves of the calories
• People with bulimia also have a distorted body image
• Binge eating and purging are behaviors that are usually socially isolating
• Purging can consist of self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas,
or other medications
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15
DIAGNOSING EATING DISORDERS
•
Criteria for bulimia nervosa:
• Recurrent episodes of binge eating
• Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain
• Self-induced vomiting
• Misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or other medications; fasting; or
excessive exercise
• Episodes occur, on average, at least twice a week for three months
• Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight
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DIAGNOSING EATING DISORDERS
•
Binge-eating disorder:
• This disorder involves binge-eating behaviors without vomiting or purging
• Individuals afflicted can be normal weight or overweight, but if the disorder goes
unrecognized, they often eventually become obese
• They have body weight and shape concerns, emotional distress, and disordered
eating patterns similar to those of people with anorexia or bulimia
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DIAGNOSING EATING DISORDERS
•
Criteria for binge eating disorder:
• Recurrent episodes of binge eating
• The episodes are associated with:
• Eating much more rapidly than usual
• Eating to the point of feeling uncomfortably full
• Eating large amounts of food when not hungry
• Eating alone because of being embarrassed by how much one
is eating
• Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or guilty about
overeating
• Marked distress about binge eating
• The binge eating occurs, on average, at least two days a week for
six months
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18
HEALTH EFFECTS OF ANOREXIA
Anorexia can cause
changes throughout the body
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HEALTH EFFECTS OF BULIMIA
Bulimia can cause
changes throughout the body
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HEALTH EFFECTS OF
BINGE-EATING DISORDER
•
Health consequences are related primarily to obesity, including:
• Cardiorespiratory disease
• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Gallbladder disease
• Osteoarthritis
• Sleep apnea
• Certain cancers
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TREATING EATING DISORDERS
•
Aside from osteoporosis, most of the negative health conditions are reversible
•
Keys to recovery are:
• Early intervention
• Lower incidence of purging behavior
• Support and participation of family members and loved ones
• Lack of other diagnosed psychological problems
•
Recovery includes the return of regular menstruation (women) and return to a normal
testosterone level (men)
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TREATING EATING DISORDERS
•
First step toward treatment is to recognize problem
•
Effective treatment involves a multidisciplinary or multimodality team
•
Possible hospitalization
•
Once weight has been stabilized, the next phase is behavioral modifications through:
• Psychotherapy
• Behavior relearning and modification
• Nutritional rehabilitation and education
• Medication
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BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER
•
A preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance or excessive concern about a
slight physical anomaly
•
Preoccupation causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other
important areas of functioning
•
The preoccupation is not better accounted for by another mental disorder
•
Preoccupation areas:
• Males: genitals, muscle mass, and hair
• Females: breasts, thighs, and legs
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BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER
•
Muscle dysmorphia: an obsession with muscle building; may be related to obsessivecompulsive disorder
•
Some people with body dysmorphic disorder turn to cosmetic surgery to correct their
supposed flaw in appearance
• Not everyone who turns to cosmetic surgery has this disorder
• Cosmetic surgery can also have psychological and physical benefits
•
Body art: about one in five is dissatisfied with his or her tattoo
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FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD
•
A set of three interrelated conditions:
• Disordered eating patterns, often accompanied by excessive exercising
• Amenorrhea: cessation of menstruation
• Premature osteoporosis: reduced bone density
•
Excessive exercise to lose weight or attain a lean body appearance to fit a specific
athletic image or improve performance
•
Female athletes need to understand the importance of good eating habits and moderation
in exercise
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ACTIVITY DISORDER
•
Excessive or addictive exercising, undertaken to address psychological needs rather than
to improve fitness
•
People continue to exercise strenuously even when the activity causes illness, injury, or
the breakdown of relationships
•
Used to gain a sense of control and accomplishment, to maintain self-esteem, and to
soothe emotions rather than to increase fitness, relaxation, or pleasure
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AWARENESS AND PREVENTION
•
Individual attitudes
• Value yourself based on your goals, talents, and strengths rather than your body
shape or weight
• Look critically at the images and messages you receive from people and the media
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AWARENESS AND PREVENTION
•
College initiatives
• Prevention efforts should include both individual measures and campus-wide
activities
• Residence advisors, professors, coaches, trainers, and other college staff can be
trained to watch for problems
• Health and counseling services can be visible and accessible
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AWARENESS AND PREVENTION
•
Public health awareness
• Focus on raising awareness about eating disorders and changing widely accepted
social norms
• Develop organizations and programs to promote healthy body image and lifestyle
patterns
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