Transcript Chapter The Americas in the Age of Independence The Land of Promise – The Grayson Family by William S.

Chapter
30
The Americas in the
Age of Independence
The Land of Promise – The Grayson Family
by William S. Jewett (1850)
1
Westward Expansion of the
United States






Britain cedes territories between Appalachian Mountains and
Mississippi River in the 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the
Revolutionary War
Napoleon Bonaparte sells the Louisiana Territory to President
Jefferson in 1803
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark map the territory in an
expedition lasting from 1804-1806.
White settlers start to cross the Mississippi around 1820
Mass migration to the far West begins in the 1840s, mainly via the
Oregon Trail.
Widespread belief in “manifest destiny” by white Americans to
occupy all lands between Atlantic and Pacific
2
Westward Expansion of
the United States
John L. O’Sullivan (1813-1895)
• Born in 1813 on a ship crossing the Atlantic
• Was founding editor of the United States Magazine and
Democratic Review, a political and literary magazine that
promoted Jacksonian Democracy, counterbalancing the more
conservative North American Review.
• Came up with the phrase “manifest destiny” in the July/August
1845 issue of the Democratic Review in and editorial demanding
that opposition to the U.S. annexation of the Republic of Texas
cease.
3
Conflict with Indigenous Peoples

Native peoples resist incursions onto ancestral lands and
traditional hunting grounds



Formed alliances, also sought British support in Canada
Wars Between U.S. and Indians in Northwest Territory (later Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota) in the 1790s.
U.S. Indian Removal Act of 1830 drives natives in the
Southeastern U.S. into “Indian Territory” (Oklahoma)



Cherokees from Georgia, Creek from Alabama, Choctaw and
Chickasaw from Mississippi
Many Seminoles in Florida resist removal
Cherokees migrate 800 miles: the Trail of Tears (1838-1839);
thousands die en route
4
Armed Conflict

Sioux, Comanche, Pawnee, and Apache—peoples of the
Great Plains and desert Southwest—resist white settlement.



Battle of Little Big Horn: In June 1876, Lakota Sioux destroy
U.S. 7th Calvary Regiment commanded by Colonel George
Armstrong Custer in Montana; 268 U.S. soldiers are killed,
including Custer and two of his brothers
Resistance Becomes Harder: U.S. forces have superior
firepower, including cannons and Gatling (machine) gun
Dec. 29, 1890: Massacre at Wounded Knee Creek

Nervous U.S. 7th Calvary Regiment sent to disarm Lakota
opens fire, killing 150 Lakota men, women, and children
5
The Mexican-American War
(1845-1848)


Mexico then included Texas, California, New Mexico;
Mexico had banned slavery, freeing them all by 1829
Texas, influenced by many U.S. settlers who were
slaveholders, declares independence from Mexico in 1836


Texas accepted into Union in 1845 despite Mexican protest
Conflict ensues, which U.S. wins decisively; Mexico
forced to cede territory in Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
(1848) in exchange for 15 million dollars
6
Westward Expansion of the United
States during the Nineteenth Century
7
Sectional Conflict




Major issue: Will slavery be allowed in new
territories?
Tobacco cultivation on decline, but as of 1800,
renewed cotton industry spurs new demand for
slaves (importation from African banned in 1808)
U.S. slave population rises from 500,000 in 1770
to 2 million in 1820
Missouri Compromise (1820) attempts to strike
balance between slave and free states
8
Sectional Conflict
Missouri Compromise Map - 1820
9
Roots of the U.S. Civil War
(1861-1865)

Abraham Lincoln elected president in 1860



Committed to an antislavery position, but not an abolitionist
Issue of slavery highlighted principle of states’ rights
and the scope of federal authority
Eleven southern states withdraw from Union during
the winter of 1860-1861


Southern economy dependent on cotton as cash crop
Northern economy developing industrialization, wage
earners (New York City economically more reliant on
Southern cotton than most Northern cities)
10
The American Civil War




First two years of war inconclusive
1863: Lincoln signs Emancipation
Proclamation, makes abolition of
slavery explicit goal of the war
Battle of Gettysburg (1863) turns tide
against South; North gains even more momentum when hardnosed Ulysses S. Grant takes command of U.S. forces in
March 1864
North wins after four years of bloody conflict: Union loses
140,400 soldiers in combat; Confederacy loses 72,500 soldiers
in combat. Confederacy ultimately outmatched by manpower
and industrial capacity.
11
The American Civil War
The Union and Confederacy in 1864
(Light Blue: Union Border States that Permitted Slavery)
12
American Economic Development



California gold rush of 1848, also Canadian gold
rushes, attract migrants from around the globe
Others migrate to work in factories, railroad
construction sites, plantations, support services
Some, especially Italians, migrate and return
several times over the course of their lives
13
Economic Expansion


British capital spurs vast expansion of U.S. industry from
the 1840s through the century
Massive expansion of rail system:





31,000 miles before 1861, almost all in eastern U.S.
Transcontinental railroad completed in 1869
200,000 miles by 1900, coast to coast
Necessitates division of U.S. into four time zones
Massive expansion of economy, 1870-1900


Electrification of urban areas
Trade unions develop: Knights of Labor organized in 1869; dealt
a major blow by the Haymarket Riot and bombing in 1886
14
Societies in the United States


U.S. population most culturally diverse in the
hemisphere
Indigenous peoples subject to formal policy of
forced assimilation



Destruction of Buffalo-based economies
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 shifts policies away from
collective tribal reservations; focuses on individual
property
Native children taken from families, enrolled in whitecontrolled boarding schools
15
Freed Slaves





Slavery ended, but social discrimination remains
Northern armies occupy southern states, forced
social program of Reconstruction (1863-1877)
Violent backlash follows their departure in 1877
Land-poor freed slaves forced to work as
sharecroppers
Violence and intimidation continue; first Ku Klux
Klan rises after the war, although is repressed by
federal “Force Acts” in 1870 and 1871
16
Canada: Independence without War

Regional divisions in Canadian society, but
independence achieved without war



British and French Canadians
French territories ceded after Seven Years’ War
(1756-1763)
Concessions made to large French population


Recognition of Roman Catholic church, French law code
After 1781, British population in Ontario joined
by loyalists fleeing U.S. War of Independence
17
The War of 1812




U.S. declares war on Britain over encroachments
during Napoleonic wars
British forces in Canada repel U.S. attacks
Social tensions between French and English
populations remain
British wish to avoid repeat of U.S. War of
Independence, gradually extend home rule
between 1840 and 1867

Durham Report (1839) by John George Lambton
(1782-1840)
18
British North America Act (1867)

Joins Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New
Brunswick as Dominion of Canada



Provincial and federal governments with
governor-general as British representative
Dominion controls all domestic affairs


Other provinces join later
Foreign affairs controlled by London until 1931
First Prime Minister John A. Macdonald (18151891) purchases territory, builds trans-Canada
railroad (completed 1885)
19
Canadian Prosperity


British investments in Canada
Policy of economic development: the National
Policy


Attract migrants, promote start-up industries, build
transportation infrastructure
U.S. also invests in Canada, owning 30 percent of
Canadian industry by 1918
20
The Dominion of Canada in the
Nineteenth Century
21
Canadian Cultural Contrasts

British and French each view selves as principal
founding peoples of Canada; principal social
tensions were between them


Small population of slaves (before it was abolished in
the British Empire in 1833)
Later Nineteenth Century: Small groups of freed and
runaway slaves from the U.S., as well as Chinese
migrants
22
Canadian Cultural Contrasts

Louis Riel (1844-1885): Canadian
politician who is métis (mixed Indian
and French heritage)




Leads Red River Rebellion of 1869-1870; it is
suppressed, but leads to the founding of Manitoba
Province
Serves in Parliament in 1873-1874
Leads North-West Rebellion in 1885
Defeated, convicted of high treason, and executed.
23
Latin America


Creole elites produce republics with constitutions, but do
not really change social order (just kick out peninsulares)
Less experience with self-rule compared to North
Americans




Spanish, Portuguese more autocratic than British
Masses of landless peasants have no political say
Creoles also limit wide participation in politics; less than
5 percent of white males allowed to vote
Overall, leads to very unstable political systems
24
Latin America

Conflict with indigenous peoples


Especially in Argentina and Chile; conquered indigenous
people to take the most productive agricultural land
Caudillos (regional military leaders)
come to power

Juan Manuel de Rosas (1793-1877), a
caudillo, becomes dictator of Argentina,
maintaining power from 1829 to 1852.
He did so in a brutal fashion, and also
crushed the resistance of indigenous
peoples.
25
Mexican Reform Attempts




After U.S.-Mexican War the dictatorship
of General Santa Anna is removed
La Reforma movement led by Benito Juárez
(1806-1872) comes to power
Juárez attempts to limit power of military and church with
Constitution of 1857
Meets powerful conservative opposition and is forced out
of Mexico City in 1861
26
Mexican Reform Attempts



Juárez suspends loan payments to foreign powers to better Mexico’s
economic condition, but French, Spanish, and British forces
intervene to collect investments
French and Mexican forces clash in 1862; U.S. too busy with its
own Civil War to intervene (Monroe Doctrine)
Napoleon III of France tries
to install a puppet emperor
of Mexico, Austrian Archduke
Maximilian, but Mexican forces
capture and execute him in
1867.
27
The Mexican Revolution
(1910-1920)




Middle-class Mexicans, peasants, and workers join to
overthrow dictator Porfirio Díaz (1830-1915)
Revolutionary leaders Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919)
and Francisco (Pancho) Villa (1878-1923) lead
masses of landless peasants
Popular, but unable to take major cities
Mexican Constitution of 1917 addresses many of the
major concerns of land redistribution
28
The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)
Emiliano Zapata
(1879-1919)
Pancho Villa
(1878-1923)
Porfirio Diaz
(1830-1915)
29
Latin America in the Nineteenth Century
30
Latin American Dependence

Limited foreign investment


Interest in exploiting raw materials




Small size of Latin American markets
Argentina: beef
Guatemala: coffee & bananas
Limited industrializing initiatives foiled by
government corruption
Yet significant export-driven rise in economy
31
Diversity in Latin America

Complex social structure, based on racial
background




Europeans, natives, African slaves, and combinations
thereof
Increasing migration in nineteenth century from
Asia
Some conflicts between cosmopolitan cities and
rural areas
Symbol of rural culture: the gaucho cowboy
32