The Next Tier of The Internet David E. Culler [email protected] [email protected] BroadNets Keynote 10-3-06 The Internet Today BroadNets.
Download ReportTranscript The Next Tier of The Internet David E. Culler [email protected] [email protected] BroadNets Keynote 10-3-06 The Internet Today BroadNets.
The Next Tier of The Internet David E. Culler [email protected] [email protected] BroadNets Keynote 10-3-06 The Internet Today BroadNets 2 The Internet Tomorrow Low resolution Sensor, Test4, Increasing frequency 1 Acceleration (g) 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Time (sec) BroadNets 3 The Internet ~ The World BroadNets 4 Physical Information Streams <value> temp=35 <\value> Low resolution Sensor, Test4, Increasing frequency 1 Acceleration (g) 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Time (sec) 010010001… • Sensors are everywhere – but the data is mostly dropped on the floor • Physical => Digital => Information • Each sensor becomes a network citizen BroadNets 5 What are Wireless Sensor Networks? • • • • Network of tiny footprint computers Optimized for long life on low power Equipped to sense physical data Networked using low-power radio • Function: Internet or Enterprise Gateway Gateway Wireless Sensor Nodes – Sense any measurable parameter • Light, motion, chemicals, proximity, biometrics – Form network and communicate • Automatic meshing and routing over the air – Apply user-defined business logic • Sampling, summarizing, reporting events • Form: – Mote (Processor, Radio, Storage) + Sensors – Embedded Operating System and Networking – Gateways towards Enterprise IT systems BroadNets Sensors Battery/ Power Mote: Microcontroller Storage Enclosure 6 Radio Clock Why are they so Important? Save Resources Improve Productivity Enable New Knowledge Increase Comfort Enhance Safety & Security Preventing Failures High-Confidence Transport Improve Food & H20 BroadNets Protect Health psst. we’re 7 hiring? The Next Tier of the Internet” ? • More than protocols - IP/TCP/HTTP • Open Building blocks for physical information – platforms, systems, networks • Open Process for Networking Excellence – Reference implementations leading to standardized protocols and interfaces • Design philosophy – Expect Change, Failure, Uncertainty, Unexpected • Enable broad applications – Web services BroadNets 8 Emergence of Open Platforms Proprietary WSN nodes Silicon World Wireless Berkeley open WSN “motes” Processing Storage Sensors Physical World BroadNets 9 Emergence of Open Systems Digital World Silicon World WSN mote platform Wireless Processing Storage Sensors Physical World BroadNets 10 Snapshot of an International Community 346,000+ downloads from tinyos.net -plus sourceforge, crossbow, moteiv, www.tinyos.or.kr, … Open TinyOS Alliance http://www.tinyos.net BroadNets 11 TinyOS 2.0 Wireless Embedded Systems Over-the-air Programming Network Protocols Link Radio Serial Applications and Services Blocks, Logs, Files Flash Scheduling, Management Streaming drivers MCU, Timers, Bus,… ADC, Sensor I/F WSN mote platform Wireless BroadNets Storage Processing Communication Centric Resource-Constrained Event-driven Execution Sensors 12 Wireless Embedded Networks Over-the-air Programming Network Protocols Digital World Silicon World Link Radio Serial Applications and Services Blocks, Logs, Files Flash Scheduling, Management Streaming drivers MCU, Timers, Bus,… ADC, Sensor I/F WSN mote platform Wireless Storage Processing Sensors Physical World BroadNets 13 Multi-Hop Mesh Routing 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 0 BroadNets 14 Embedded Networking Requirements • Reliable Dissemination • Data Collection and Aggregation • Point-to-point Transfers • Reliably over lossy links • At low power – Idle listening, management, monitoring • Adapting to changing conditions • Scalar and Bulk Versions BroadNets 15 Confluence of Technical Developments Embedded Networking Tiny Operating System Microcontroller SOCs CMOS Radios Integrated Sensors BroadNets 16 Applications => Network Characteristics • Monitoring Spaces – – – – BroadNets Env. Monitoring, Conservation biology, ... Precision agriculture, built environment comfort & efficiency ... alarms, security, surveillance, EPA, OSHA, treaty verification … 17 Applications => Network Characteristics • Monitoring Spaces – – – – Env. Monitoring, Conservation biology, ... Precision agriculture, built environment comfort & efficiency ... alarms, security, surveillance, EPA, OSHA, treaty verification … • Monitoring Things – – – – – BroadNets condition-based maintenance automated meter reading Energy efficiency, cold chain disaster management Civil infrastructure 18 Intel Fab & BP Machine Monitoring • • • • • • Enterprise Server Goal: Pre-empt equipment failures through non-destructive analysis Media Gap: Majority of data is collected by hand Root Stargate – Thousands of sense points 802.11 Backbone Stargate Gateway Intel Fab and an Oil Tanker engine room Wireless vibration data collection – – – – Intranet Cluster Head Sensor Clusters High-speed sampling, reliable bulk transfer Sensor-to-Analysis App flow Overcome interference Support disconnected operation Loch Rannoch Network – – – – 150 accelerometers 26 motes 4 stargates 1 PC Efficient installation and management – 36hr install period on tanker – No crew intervention 45 40 BP going to product in 06 35 Date Time • 30 25 20 15 10 8/14/04 0:00 8/24/04 0:00 9/3/04 0:00 9/13/04 0:00 9/23/04 0:00 10/3/04 0:00 10/13/04 0:00 10/23/04 0:00 Node BroadNets 19 Bridge Stargate Applications => Network Characteristics • Monitoring Spaces – – – – Env. Monitoring, Conservation biology, ... Precision agriculture, built environment comfort & efficiency ... alarms, security, surveillance, EPA, OSHA, treaty verification … • Monitoring Things – – – – condition-based maintenance automated meter reading disaster management Civil infrastructure • Interactions of Space and Things – manufacturing, asset tracking, fleet & franchise – context aware computing, non-verbal communication – Assistance - home/elder care • Action and control – Optimizing processes – Automation BroadNets 20 Proximity, Tracking, Compliance Safety: Chemical-to-chemical safety alerts Human-to-chemical safety alerts Prox. TrackingIndustrial: Medical Agriculture HLS … Shipping QoS: Vibration threshold Temp/humidity threshold BroadNets Asset mgmt CBM Process control Energy mgmt environmental Home: Lighting HVAC accessCurrent Conditions: Building: Security HVAC In Motion, No Magnetic Fields, 67° AMR • Humidity Range: 30-35% Lighting • Temp. Range: 55 ° - 78 ° Access control 21 Transportation and Mobility • Smart Pallets/Containers equipped with WSN motes • Shipping Warehouse – Commission smart pallet A (PA) • Set shipping information • EPC + Temperature, humidity, light exposure thresholds • Conflicting material types – Ship to Receiver Warehouse • “Offline Scenario” – Continuous monitoring, log exceptions to flash memory • Receiver Warehouse – Auto-detect Shipment arrival, exception reporting – If move PA to conflicting material PB, sound alarm and report exception Shipper Receiver PB PA BroadNets 22 Canonical SensorNet Network Architecture Sensor Node Patch Network Sensor Patch Gateway Transit Network (IP or not) Client Data Browsing and Processing Access point - Base station - Proxy Intranet/Internet (IP) Other information sources Data Service BroadNets BroadNets, hmm? 23 How will SensorNets and IP play together? XML / RPC / REST / SOAP / OSGI HTTP / FTP / SNMP TCP / UDP IP Ethernet BroadNets Sonet 802.11 802.15.4, CC, … 24 Beware “IP hype” • Pushing HTML over a wireless connection to a serial port attached to a PC is NOT running IP on the sensorNet • Nor is packet-scraping into XML-RPC BroadNets 25 1st Internet Principle: IP “hour glass” Application XML / RPC / REST / SOAP / OSGI Session HTTP / FTP / SNMP Transport Network routing TCP / UDP IP Link Physical BroadNets Ethernet Fiber Sonet 10BT Coax Serial 802.11 … DSS QPSK 26 2nd Internet Principle: End-to-End Architecture BroadNets 27 Full IP stack throughout XML / RPC / REST / SOAP / OSGI HTTP / FTP / SNMP TCP / UDP IP Ethernet BroadNets Sonet 802.11 802.15.4, CC, … 28 Sensor Net Challenges for traditional IP • Large headers <> small packets • Very different protocol assumptions – Low-power – Intermittent connectivity (mostly sleeping) – Loss ≠> Congestion • Very different traffic patterns – Not universal point-to-point file transfer – Aggregate collection, dissemination • Naming – The data is important, not the machine • Mobility BroadNets 29 Enterprise-Scale Sensor Nets Gateways Internet SensorNet Patch BroadNets 30 The Internet: End-to-End no more… Network Address Translation Firewall Load Leveler Switch BroadNets 31 XML / RPC / REST / SOAP / OSGI HTTP / FTP / SNMP TCP / UDP IP Ethernet BroadNets Sonet 802.11 Proxy / Gateway Edge Network Approach 802.15.4, CC, … 32 Hybrid approach • Security – No IP to the nodes, attacks have to get through the gateway or be physically close • Namespace management – Name nodes, networks, services – Hosts, URLs, … • Mask intermittent connectivity – Terminate IP on the powered side – Loosely couple, energy aware protocols on the other • Distillation proxies – Small binary packets where constrained – Expanded to full text, XML, HTML, web services • Rich suite of networking techniques in the Patch unimpeded by overall internet-scale process BroadNets 33 SensorNets need the Wisdom of the “Internet Architecture” • Design for change! • Network protocols must work over a wide variety of links – Links will evolve • Network protocols must work for a variety of applications – Applications will evolve • Provide only simple primitives – Don’t confuse the networking standard with a programming methodology • Don’t try to lock-in your advantage in the spec • Open process • Rough consensus AND running code BroadNets 34 Networking vs Distributed Applications • IP, 802.15.4, Zigbee are still “plumbing” • Enterprise information infrastructure means Integration with Applications – The data, how it is represented, what it means – The operations you can do on it – How it is obtained from the physical world – Actions based on it BroadNets 35 Database View of the World • The World is a Database – SQL, ODBC/JDBC – The good old days of client-server – Data warehouses and distributed databases – Network taken for granted BroadNets 36 Web Services • The ultimate interoperability • unify within and between enterprises – Service Oriented Architecture – Widely adopted standards • • • • BroadNets Backed by OASIS and W3C Open-source reference implementations, e.g., Apache SOAP + WSDL (+ UDDI) Or XML-RPC over HTTP (REST) 37 Web Service* Platform and implementation independent software component that can be • Described using a service description language • Published to a registry of services • Discovered through a standard mechanism • Invoked through a declared API – Usually over a network • Composed with other services BroadNets * Building Web Services with Java, Graham38et al, SAMS 2002 Service Oriented Architecture Service Registry Service Description find Service Requestor publish bind Service Provider • Service Description => interface & implementation – Operations supported, input/output objects – Bindings to network and data encoding schemes – Network address where service can be invoked • Enough that client can generate code to access the service well BroadNets 39 Embedded Application Tier • Embedded applications built on a rich set of node services. – – – – Timing, sensor streams, storage Local processing Reliable, low-power communication Platform independent + extensions client tier1 server tier2 tier3 Networking Protocols Common Link Abstraction TinyOS Runtime Services physical info net Management Embedded Application SensorNet GW/Proxy tier4 “mote” Sensors Physical World Hardware Abstraction Layer MCU BroadNets Radio Sensors 40 WSNs and Web Services • Decorate external interface points client tier1 – Attributes (shared data) – RPCs (control points) – Events (signals) server tier2 temp Networking Protocols Common Link Abstraction TinyOS Runtime Services Management @attribute alarm @event @rpc test Embedded Application tier3 SensorNet GW/Proxy physical info net tier4 SensorNet mote sensor Hardware Abstraction Layer MCU BroadNets Radio Sensors 41 WSNs and Web Services • Auto-generate Web Services client tier1 – Service description – Service implementation server tier2 tier3 Networking Protocols physical info net Management Embedded Application SensorNet GW/Proxy tier4 SensorNet mote Embedded Web Service Common Link Abstraction TinyOS Runtime Services sensor Hardware Abstraction Layer MCU BroadNets Radio Sensors 42 WSNs and Web Services • Auto-generate Web Services client tier1 – Service description – Service implementation server tier2 tier3 SensorNet GW/Proxy physical info net tier4 SensorNet mote Embedded Web Service BroadNets sensor 43 A new WSN world client tier1 AquaLogic server tier2 Perl tier3 SensorNet GW/Proxy Python tier4 NetWeaver physical info net Embedded Services SensorNet mote C# sensor Excel BroadNets 44 Sensor Web Services BroadNets 45 Pick your favorite client BroadNets 46 Real World Webs BroadNets 47 Real-World Wireless Web Today? • LANDSAT => Google Earth – vast, 50-year satellite infrastructure – massive servers • Cellular => M2M – vast, 30-year tower + network infrastructure – Wireless client • GPS – 25-year satellite infrastructure – Wireless 1-function client • RFID – extensive, intra-facility infrastructure – Wired powered readers, wireless tags • WiFi – Relatively light AP infrastructure – Rapidly advancing – Powered server, wireless client • Wireless Sensor Networks BroadNets 48 Wireless Client vs Wireless Server • Wireless Client – needs to last a day or two – has a human to keep them working properly – mostly formats specific incoming data for display • Wireless server – needs to last for long periods – must be self-managing, adaptive, robust – Generates meaningful data for many uses – Often mobile (!!!) BroadNets 49 What’s in a battery? • 2 AA => 1.5 amp hours (~4 watt hours) • Cell => 1 amp hour (3.5 watt hours) Cell: 500-1000 mW => few hours active WiFi: 300-500 mW => several hours GPS: 50 – 100 mW => couple days WSN: 50 mW active, 20 uW passive 450 uW => one year, 45 uW => 10 years BroadNets 50 The Next Tier Internet Sensor Nets BroadNets 51 Did I say we’re hiring? Arch Rock • Connecting the physical world to the information enterprise Client tier1 • Solid Foundation J2EE SOAP – High-quality, Cross-Platform embedded application infrastructure tier2 • Standard-based internet – OS, Networking, Services • Novel information in familiar forms – Auto-generated from embedded application BroadNets SensorNet GW/Proxy tier3 – Reliable, efficient, extensible – IP-accessible web services Enterprise Server physical info net tier4 sensor Physical World 52 SensorNet mote Uniting long-lost relatives Home Automation Building Automation PC Workstation Minicomputer Dedicated Controllers VME Mainframe General Purpose Computing BroadNets Instrumentation Computers 53