Transcript Eye-Witness to GIS’s 40 year Evolution/Revolution GIS Centroid Seminar — Colorado State University September 19, 2014 This presentation relates experiences in geotechnology’s evolutionary.

Eye-Witness to GIS’s 40 year Evolution/Revolution
GIS Centroid Seminar — Colorado State University
September 19, 2014
This presentation relates experiences in geotechnology’s evolutionary development that began in the
very, very early years of GIS (1970s) through the present …sort of an “eye-witness’ view” of the
evolution/revolution over the past four decades of the radical change of what a map is (and isn’t)
brought on by the digital map and mapped data analysis and GIS modeling—
definitely not your grandfather’s map
This PowerPoint with notes and online links to further reading is posted at
www.innovativegis.com/basis/Present/CentroidCSU2014/
Presentation by
Joseph K. Berry
Adjunct Faculty in Natural Resources, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University
Adjunct Faculty in Geosciences, Department of Geography, University of Denver
Principal, Berry & Associates // Spatial Information Systems
Email: [email protected] — Website: www.innovativegis.com/basis
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology
(Historical)
 30,000 B.C.
Stone Maya
Astrological Chart
(1st Century)
200 A.D.
We have been mapping for
thousands of years
(pictograph with map elements)
500 A.D.
Manual Mapping
(8th Century)
Early 16th Century
1200 A.D.
1700 A.D.
Aerial Photo
1800 A.D.
(from balloon late 1800s)
1900 A.D.
Manual Mapping Tools
(20th Century)
”Maps are numbers first, pictures later”
1974 A.D.
2014 A.D.
This presentation covers …
New Age of the Digital Map
…utilizing Remote
Sensing (RS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS)
… a 40 year
time slice at the
transition from paper
maps to digital
mapped data—
Evolution of
Geotechnology
(RS, GIS, GPS)
…and because of the Digital Map the historical role of “What
is Where” (Descriptive mapping)
has been extended to “Why, So What and What If” (Prescriptive mapping)
Graphic after
Dr. Quiming Zhou lecture slide, Hong Kong Baptist University posted at http://urban.csuohio.edu/~wyles/jw_spr2005/ust403/lectures/lec%204_history_of%20_cartography.ppt
Berry
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology (setting the stage, 1950s)
1950s
2014
…so what was happening in the 1950s?
…historical events? Korean War begins (1950); Eisenhower elected president (1952); Hemingway gets Pulitzer for The Old
Man and the Sea (1953); Batista flees Cuba and Castro takes over (1959); Alaska and Hawaii become states (1959)
…popular songs?
…top TV shows?
Elvis Presley, Hound
Dog
Buddy Holly, Peggy Sue
Chuck Berry, Johnny B Goode
Jerry Lee Lewis, Great Balls of Fire
I Love Lucy
Leave It to Beaver
The Ed Sullivan Show
Superman
…but what about computers and Geotechnology in the 1950s?
Mechanical
Electronic
Abacus
Counting Frame
…mega movies?
Rebel Without a Cause
Singing in the Rain
North by Northwest
Creature from the Black Lagoon
Geotechnology was barely science fiction fodder…
Second Generation Computers
Vacuum Tube
1950s
Transistor
Second Generation Computers
First
Generation
Computers
2700–2300 BC
Babbage’s
Computer
Early 1800s
“I think there is a world market
for maybe five computers”
Thomas Watson, president of IBM, 1943
UNIVAC I
Computer
2.25 MHz, 1Kb memory
IBM 7090
Computer
2.18 MHz, 32Kb memory, $3.0M
Berry
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology
(circa 1954)
1954
2014
…my first encounter with Geotechnology was a Manual
1)
Index Card with numbered holes around the edge and written
description/data in the center for each timber stand (spatial object)
Hole
Notch
15
14
#11
GIS that wore out a lot of shoe leather…
13
12
Special Punch was used to notch-out the hole assigned to a
(spatial objects)
particular characteristic (attribute), such as #11 notch = Douglas fir
“Where”
2)
timber type from timber cruise data written in the center of the card
9
8
10
Spatial Table
3) Pass a long
7
Needle through the stack of cards in the tray and lift…
Hole
6
Cards pulled up…
5
… DO NOT have the attribute
4
3
2
Query Tray holds all of the index
1
cards for a project area
Notch
Data Table
(attribute records)
“What”
Cards falling down…
4)
… HAVE the attribute
Repeat using the search results
sub-set stack of cards for more attributes (AND logical operator)
5)
Card ID# identifies the timber stand polygons from the search and
their locations are manually shaded on the corresponding map—
…a “Database-entry Geoquery”
…a “Map-entry Geoquery” uses ID# on
the map to identify the Index Card summary for individual timer stands
Berry
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology (setting the stage, 1960s)
1960s
2014
…so what was happening in the 1960s?
…historical events? Marilyn Monroe overdoses (1962); President Kennedy assassinated (1963); Vietnam war accelerates
(1964); Summer of Love in San Francisco (1967); Dr King and Bobby Kennedy assassinated (1968); Moon landing (1969)
…popular songs?
…top TV shows?
…mega movies?
Psycho
The Sound of Music
Doctor Zhivago
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
I Dream of Jeannie
Laugh-In
Gunsmoke
The Twilight Zone
Rolling Stones, Satisfaction
Beach Boys, Good
Vibrations
a Rolling Stone
Supremes, Where Did Our Love Go
Bob Dylan, Like
…but what about computers and Geotechnology in the 1960s?
Geotechnology was but a research “pipe dream” (zygote)…
Mainframe Computers
User
Interface
Microchip
Punch cards
1960s
170 MB tapes
Transistor
(1950s)
Third Generation Computers
IBM 360
Computer
Berry
2.18 MHz, 8MB memory, $3.0M
7.25 MB disk packs
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology
(1964-1969)
1964
2014
…Undergraduate Research Associate in the School of Forestry
UC
Berkeley
“Floating-dot” micrometer
for Z contour
Stereo Photos
A Stereocomparator is a stereophotogrammetric instrument
that captures the XY coordinates of points from stereo
photographs. Usually pantograph drafting arms are attached
so movements in XY are drawn directly onto a base map.
…to generate a
Contour Map.
…that drove the arm
of a Bed Plotter …
“Plotting”
Berry
For the “pioneering” research,
we installed Potentiometers
so the XY movements could
be sent to an A/D Convertor
to generate digital
coordinates...
“Automated Cartography”
..that were sent to a Card Punch machine
to record the XY coordinates on cards.
“Digitizing”
…to a Mainframe Computer with
specialized Plotting Software….
The cards were fed into a Card
Reader that sent the XY’s...
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology (setting the stage, 1970s)
1964
2014
…so what was happening in the 1970s?
…historical events? Kent State shootings (1970); Munich Massacre of Israeli Olympic team (1972); Yom Kippur War
(1973); Roe vs. Wade (1973); Nixon resigns (1974); Iranian Revolution (1979); USSR invades Afghanistan (1979); Energy
Crisis (1979)
…popular songs?
…top TV shows?
Imagine
Queen
Lead Zeppelin, Stairway to Heaven
Springsteen, Born to Run
Lennon,
ABBA, Dancing
M*A*S*H
All in the Family
Saturday Night Live
Happy Days
…but what about computers and Geotechnology in the 1970s?
1970s
The Godfather
Jaws
The Spy Who Loved Me
Star Wars
Geotechnology focuses on creating digital maps (infancy)…
Fourth Generation Computers
1st Tubes
2nd Transistors
3rd Microchip
th
4 Microprocessor
Microchip
(1960s)
…mega movies?
Cray I Super Computer
Techtronics graphics display
Microprocessor Board
CDC Super
Computer
eLust
for consumer items
Berry
2.18 MHz, 8MB memory, $3.0M
Calcomp belt-plotter
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology
1964
(1970-1976)
2014
UC
Berkeley
CSU …Army in Korea; MBA in Operations Research/Real Estate
…Graduate Research Associate in Remote Sensing
“Image Classification”
“The 1972 the U.S.-Soviet grain deal was an economic Bay of Pigs for the Nixon administration. Henry Kissinger led the ill-planned and
uncoordinated foray into Soviet economic policy which resulted in disastrous consequences for U.S. markets and international prestige.”
LACIE
— the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment was the first large
scale remote sensing project in agriculture demonstrating
Spectral Signature
that improved accuracy in predictions of wheat production Healthy
Sick
Dead
can be achieved by the use of satellite imagery. LACIE
experimenters used image analysis techniques to predict
with great accuracy the size of the 1977 Soviet wheat crop
six weeks prior to harvest.
LARS, LARSYS and RECOG — the Laboratory for Applications
of Remote Sensing at Purdue University developed the widely used LARSYS
Software package for digital imagery analysis in IBM computer environments.
The RECOG Software package we developed at CSU translated and enhanced
LARSYS for CDC Super Computer environments.
SRVC Model — The Solar Radiation Vegetation Canopy
Model we developed at CSU is a stochastic model that predicts
reflected light (spectral signature) from a plant canopy based on
incoming light as it interacts with vegetation and soil under different
plant types, conditions, and canopy geometries that are quantitatively characterized by the
foliage and branch orientation distributions. The model was extensively used for sensor system
design and “exceptional” classification.
…foundational research in “Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data”
Berry
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology (setting the stage, 1980s)
1964
2014
…so what was happening in the 1980s?
…historical events? Reagan elected president (1980); John Lennon assassinated (1980); Chernobyl Disaster (1986);
martial law in Poland (1983); space shuttle Challenger exploded (1986); fall of the Berlin Wall (1989); Tiananmen Square
massacre (1989)
…popular songs?
…top TV shows?
Michael Jackson, Billie
Jean
Madonna, Like a Virgin
Police, Every Breath You Take
Springsteen, Born in the USA
Magnum, P.I.
60 Minutes
Star Trek (Next Generation)
MacGyver
…but what about computers and Geotechnology in the 1980s?
…mega movies?
ET
Back to the Future
Aliens
Indiana Jones (Lost Arc)
Growing Geotechnology expressed as sDBMS (adolescence)…
PDP 11
IBM PC
(Spectrometer)
Bill
Small
is beautiful
Minicomputers (Digital Equipment)
1980s
…provided
it is more
powerful,
faster and
cheaper
Personal Computer
(4.77MHz, 640Kb, two floppy drives)
Guess Who?
(Keyboard/Mouse)
… only
gets
better
and
better
…and
portable
Compaq
Graphics Workstations (Apollo)
Interactive Interface
Jack
Berry
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology
(1976-1989)
1964
2014
UC
Berkeley
CSU
Harvard Laboratory for Computer
Graphics and Spatial Analysis
Yale
University
…Associate Professor / Associate Dean
Graduate School of Forestry and Environmental Studies
“Maps as Data”
One of the earliest definitions of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was coined in the late 1970s as “a collection
of hardware and software used for the input, storage, analysis, and display of geographic features and information.”
Discrete Spatial Objects (Vector) vs. Continuous Map Surfaces (Raster)— the raging debate in GIS
at the time was Vector versus Raster. Since the vector perspective more closely matched manual map-making and existing
applications, it dominated GIS. But vector map “spatial Inventories” are rarely sufficient in science-based research.
Map Algebra
and Cartographic Modeling— a doctoral student at Yale
St. Thomas, VI
(Tomlin) developed the concept of Map Algebra that suggested a set of primitive
operations in a GIS allowing two or more geo-registered raster layers to produce
a new raster layer using algebraic operations such as addition, subtraction etc.
Through cyclical processing of operations, the Cartographic Modeling
process is like to solving math equations– it’s just that the variables
Compaq II
Portable Computer
are entire map layers composed of thousands of numbers.
MAP and pMAP— The grid-based Map Analysis Package developed at Yale for IBM
mainframes used unstructured Fortran software that ingrained the new map algebra thinking.
It contained a library of over fifty analytical operations coded in Fortran. Later the code was
rewritten in Pascal then Modula and finally C++ and distributed for PC’s as Professional MAP (SIS).
Summagraphics
Bit Pad Digitizer
Early 1980s
Line Printer Map
GIS Modeling Course — while most early GIS courses
focused on automated cartography, the Yale graduate course was the
first to focus on quantitative analysis of mapped data. A “languagebased” command language was developed for MAP enabling
students to enter a series of command lines in solving GIS models.
…development of “tools” for Grid-based Map Analysis and Modeling – “Raster-Head”
Berry
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology (setting the stage, 1990s)
1964
2014
…so what was happening in the 1990s?
…historical events? World Wide Web invented (1990); Nelson Mandela freed (1990); Soviet Union collapses (1991);
Operation Desert Storm commences (1991); Rwanda genocide (1994); Hong Kong returned to China (1996); fear of the
Y2K Bug (1999)
…popular songs?
…top TV shows?
Seinfeld
Law & Order
Sex and the City
The Simpsons
Faith Hill, Breathe
Coolio, Gangsters
Wilson Phillips, Hold
Madonna,
Paradise
On
Vogue
…but what about computers and Geotechnology in the 1990s?
…mega movies?
Titanic
Jurassic Park
Schindler’s List
Forest Gump
Geotechnology matures to promising young adult…
GPS-enabled
Field Data Logger
Mobile
Phone
Building the
Digital Map Db
Harnessing
the Web
“Headsup”
GPS
Portability
is king
Ease of Use
“Headsdown”
FUI/GUI Interface
digitizing
“Feetdown”
digitizing
Digitizing paper maps digital map (points, lines, polygons)
Larry Page and Sergey Brin
Portable Computer
Berry
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology
(1989-1994)
1964
2014
UC
Berkeley
CSU
Yale
University
CSU
…Associate Professor
College of Natural Resources
“Map Analysis and GIS Modeling”
Map-ematics — Map Algebra concepts were extended by a more rigorous
Map Variables
(Layers)
math/stat modeling framework (Map Analysis and GIS Modeling) and additional
grid-based analytical capabilities were developed. A network of high-end
workstations replaced old mainframe/mini computers …GIS part of the workplace.
USFS Project 615 — consulted on a series of contracts through
which the Forest Service completely replaced its technology infrastructure
supporting administrative processes and added GIS capabilities and data.
(largest non-military procurement originally at $1.2 billion; IBM Unix workstations)
NR Agency Workshops (USFS, BLM, USFW, DOI, BIA, NPS)—
GIS World/BASIS held over 100 workshops on GIS technology and
its natural resources applications for land managers, administrative
personnel and emerging GIS specialists. Numerous “proof of
concept” analysis projects were undertaken but the lack of a
comprehensive database of map layers hindered agency-wide
implementation of GIS in Natural Resource organizations.
GPS (~ 1980)
Early GPS — GPS was originally developed for the military.
In the early 1990s civilian
use was authorized but the system introduced random errors that kept its autonomous
Video
accuracy to 10-100m and Selective Availability (SA) completely turn
Camera
 What (picture)
off the signal. BASIS and Red Hen Systems attempted very early
 When (time)
use of GPS but poor precision and reliability severely limited
 When (time)
practical applications unless expensive ground-based differential
 Where (X,Y)
GPS Unit
correction was used. But later sufficient for Multimedia Mapping.
…set the stage for “thinking with maps“…doing the right thing, in the right way, at the right place and time”
Berry
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology
(1994-1999)
1964
2014
UC
Berkeley
CSU
Yale
University
CSU
BASIS
…Adjunct Faculty at CSU
…Principal, Berry and Associates //
Spatial Information Systems (BASIS)
“Precision Ag’s Formative Years”
Yield Mapping — Yield Mapping came of age for a variety of crops, such as corn, wheat, beans
and potatoes. Accurate yield mapping presented considerable complexity as the GPS signal precisely
places a harvester’s cutting head, but several seconds transpire before
Cyber-Farmer
(early 1990s)
Yield Monitor
a yield value is recorded at the yield monitor …this variable effect of
GPS
“trolling for data” is one example of the long research and
development road that lies ahead. Working with Red Hen Systems,
the pMAP software evolved into the MapCalc grid analysis
package with additional analytical capabilities, GUI interface,
Physical Distance
enhanced 2D/3D graphics and tailored PA applications.
(1sec at 4mph= 5.86ft)
Site-Specific Farming —
the raging debate in early Precision Ag circles
was Management Zones (Aggregated/Vector) versus On-the-Fly Continuous/Raster).
With increased precision and automated “intelligent implements” (Robotics), variablerate fertilization, seeding and spaying became Field Samples
Interpolated
Surface
possible. Grid-based Map analysis tools are
P
Used to generate continuous map surfaces of
Field variables that, in turn, derive Prescription
K
Maps for mechanized controllers that vary
N
actions as an implement moves about a field.
@gInnovator and Precision Ag Workshops — The “Inside the GIS Toolbox" columns
published in the @gInnovator newsletter and @gOnline electronic forum from 1993 through 1999 were compiled
into the Precision Farming Primer. Working with a variety of sponsors, over 30 seminars and “hands-on”
workshops were presented at various universities, experiment stations, cooperatives and private companies.
Berry
…foundational research and technological development in Precision Ag
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology
(1994-1999 continued)
1964
2014
UC
Berkeley
CSU
Yale
University
CSU
BASIS
“Entrepreneurial Fever”
Landscape Analysis — partnering with Innovative GIS Solutions,
…Adjunct Faculty at CSU
…Principal, Berry and Associates //
Spatial Information Systems (BASIS)
we developed several software products to include Fragstats Arc for landscape
pattern analysis, Virtual Forest for constructing 3D forested landscape displays
and Rapid Arc for interactive GIS model construction in ArcInfo.
Geobusiness — a subcontract with Accenture
Fragstats Arc
Virtual Forest
developed a Competition Analysis and Predictive Modeling system that generates predicted sales
maps for various products utilizing competitor locations to model relative travel-time advantage and
existing customer data to model sales patterns and travel-time sensitivity. The effort demonstrated the
informational value of digital maps and the unique characteristics of business applications for their use in
understanding and predicting the business environment.
Pipe/Power Line Routing — a three year project with Electric Power
Research Institute and Georgia Transmission established an innovative power line
routing procedure that incorporates consensus building in Least Cost Path routing.
Several subcontracts with New Century Software utilized LCP in routing pipelines
that identify both on and offshore optimal paths and corridors for BP and Chevron.
Wildfire Risk Mapping — early work with David Buckley of Sanborn Map Company (now
developed a comprehensive wildfire risk model that considers Wildfire Threat (estimating
the probability of a wildfire occurring at a location), Wildfire Effects (quantifying the values at risk from
wildfire) and Wildfire Risk (combining the threat and effects into a measure of probable loss over time)
by analyzing 30m grid-based data layers of weather factors, surface and canopy fuels, terrain, roads,
historical fire occurrence, population and structure density, and county tax assessor information. The
model has been applied in over 30 states (including Colorado) and greatly enhanced through work by
Pyrologix and integrated with fire behavior modeling (Technosylva) for real-time risk modeling.
with Technosylva)
…attention turned to software development and commercial applications (private sector excitement)
Berry
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology (setting the stage, 2000s)
1964
2014
…so what was happening in the 2000s?
…historical events? Supreme Court establishes G.W. Bush as president (2000); dot-com bubble bursts (2000); 911 attacks
(2001); Iraq invasion (2003); Social Networking Age begins (2004); Hurricane Katrina (2005); housing bubble bursts (2005);
recession deepens and bank/industry bailouts (2007); Obama elected president (2008); Michael Jackson dies (2009)
…popular songs?…top TV shows? …mega movies? …yet all of you lived this cultural history, so “recent memory” suffices
…but what about computers and Geotechnology in the 2000s?
Remote
Sensing
(RS)
Spatial Triad
Satellite
Geotechnology as “technological tool” skyrocket
skyrockets…s…
Geographic Information
Systems
on Steroids
(GPS)
“Map & Analyze”
(RS, GIS, GPS)
Aircraft
The Perfect
Technological Storm
Powerful/inexpensive
computers, high
speed/capacity connectivity,
ubiquitous/precise GPS
“Locate & Navigate”
Drone
“Measure & Classify”
Global
Positioning
System
Surveillance
Field
Instruments
(GPS)
Mounted
Robotics
Mobile Devices and the GeoWeb— The modern computing environment has radically changed from isolated
“stay-at-home” computers to locationally aware, powerful portable devices with high speed connectivity (notebooks, tablets
and mobile phones) and Cloud storage/computing providing access to vast amounts of GIS and RS data and processing tools.
Berry
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology
1964
(1999-2014)
2014
UC
Berkeley
Yale
University
CSU
CSU
BASIS
DU
… Principal, BASIS
…Adjunct Faculty at CSU
…Adjunct
Faculty
in Geosciences
…Keck Visiting
Scholar
in Geosciences
“Returning to Academic Roots”
Teaching, Papers and Presentations — Continuously taught graduate level GIS
Modeling course since 1977 (35+ years) along with courses in remote sensing, natural resources and
precision agriculture; several books and numerous invited presentations/workshops. Current passions…
SpatialSTEM (sSTEM)
Beyond Mapping Compilation Series
…nearly 1000 pages and
more than 750 figures
… each book has an Introduction, Ten Topics,
Epilog and Further Readings with links to online support materials;
permission to copy and use granted
1)
SpatialSTEM — The STEM disciplines share a common language, tool set and the “scientific method “approach based on
Quantitative Data Analysis. SpatialSTEM is a direct extension of traditional mathematics/statistics framework into the spatial realm
that is radically changing science and technology by considering the spatial distribution of data, as well as its numerical distribution.
2)
Beyond Mapping Compilation Series — The four online/hardcopy books in the Series are based on 25
years of "Beyond Mapping" columns in GeoWorld magazine that discuss the new breed of map analysis tools providing a
comprehensive/longitudinal perspective of the underlying concepts, considerations, issues and evolutionary development of GIS.
…with a bit less emphasis on consulting and software development (“raster-head gadfly” role)
Berry
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology (Summary)
Thousands of
Years of Manual
Mapping—
Paper Map
Legacy
(Head Waters)
The 40 year journey has been like whitewater rafting…
Float, Fight or Use the technological currents—
Today
…the evolving
environment of
the Digital Map
Tube
Transistor Microchip
Microprocessor
Large and rapidly growing
industry; market driven;
Boutique vs. Big Box
Economic
GPS Specialists in place;
K-12 coming on line;
college cross-campus
(sSTEM) lags…
Digital Map
Legacy
Computer Technology
has been the Dominant Factor
in determining Geotechnology’s
development (River Bed)—
Education
However, other “Critical Factors”
have effected the course
(In-river Obstacles).
Legal
Privacy and Geoslavery; who owns
the Data; who owns
the Intellectual Property
Berry
Cultural
Tech Tools in
place; Analytic Tools
and applications form
the new frontier
“Thinking with Maps”
Critical Factors
(non-tech push/pull)
In many ways,
Geotechnology’s
development over the
past four decades has
been guided by
outside forces…
A Personal Journey in Geotechnology (2014 and Beyond)
1964
Beyond
UC
Berkeley
…so what does
the future
hold?
CSU
Yale
University
CSU
… Principal, BASIS
…Adjunct Professor at CSU
…Adjunct Professor in Geosciences at DU
Map display without
analysis is just an
hallucination…
…there’s
Life “Beyond Mapping”
…nah,
way too
serious…
Reaching GIS Nirvana
…basking in the sun…
…and playing with grandkids
Berry
So Where Do We Go from Here?
Website (www.innovativegis.com)
This PowerPoint with notes and online links to further reading is posted at
www.innovativegis.com/basis/Present/CentroidCSU2014/
Beyond Mapping Compilation Series
…nearly 1000 pages and more than 750 figures
in the Series provide a comprehensive and
longitudinal perspective of the underlying
concepts, considerations, issues and
Beyond Mapping Series, Book IV, Epilog
evolutionary development of modern
geotechnology (RS, GIS, GPS).
eMail Contact
Joseph K. Berry
[email protected]
Berry