Transcript Introduction to Nanotechnology Module 1 Definition and History of Nanotechnology We’ve heard of……. • Microscopes • Microphones • Microelectronics • Microwaves • Microbiology.

Introduction to Nanotechnology
Module 1
Definition and History of
Nanotechnology
We’ve heard of…….
• Microscopes
• Microphones
• Microelectronics
• Microwaves
• Microbiology
They all have the same prefix…….
“micro”
• “Micro” comes from the Greek word that means “one millionth”
• When this prefix is applied to a length, like a meter, we end up
with a length that is one millionth of a meter or 10 -6 m
• Each of the previous objects has some attribute or portion that is
of the size of a micrometer (μm)
“nano”
• The prefix “nano” comes from the Greek word that means one
billionth
• When the prefix “nano” is applied to a length, like a meter, we have
one billionth of a meter, or 10 -9 m or one nanometer (nm)
• Atoms are smaller than 1 nm, DNA is about 2.5 nm across
• Human hair is about 100,000 nm in diameter (not length)
• Molecules are formed by individual atoms that have interactions
over a range of a few to tens of nanometers
Nanotechnology is…..
the ability to observe, image, study, measure
and manipulate at the molecular and atomic scale.
“Nano” is……. In summary
• A prefix that means “1-billionth”
• Can have a billionth of anything:
– An inch, a gallon, a liter, a second etc.
• We are familiar with the prefix “micro” – which means 1 millionth
– Micro electronics, micro biology
– In the case of the application of the prefix micro above – we
are usually referring to a unit of length
– Transistors sizes of one-millionth of a meter or looking at
biological molecules and cells that are one-millionth of a meter
in size
“Nano” is……. In summary
• When we discuss “nano” technology the same is true – we are
often talking about a length scale.
• The unit of interest is the nanometer, with symbol nm
????? So how did it come about?
Source: Images from
Microsoft Clip Art
Application of nanoscience is not new!
Pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/photos/New_York
Cinoa.org
Over the last several decades…
Modifications
Improvements
New ‘scopes
asmicro.com
hysitron.com
Blogs.zdnet.com
1959
Feynman gives after-dinner talk describing
molecular machines building with atomic
precision
1974
Taniguchi uses term "nano-technology" in
paper on ion-sputter machining
1981
STM invented
1986
AFM invented
“production technology to get the extra high
accuracy and ultra fine dimensions, i.e. the
preciseness and fineness on the order of 1 nm
(nanometer), 10^-9 meter in length"
1985
Buckyball
discovered
www.godunov.com
www/rsc.org/chemsoc
1989
IBM logo spelled in individual atoms
utah.edu
1997
First company founded: Zyvex
IBM.Com
Just What is Nanotechnology?
 It is the application of “tools” *– developed over the last 20 years - that allow us
to manipulate and study material at the molecular and atomic level.
 Similar to the development of optical microscopes 350 years ago.
 Allows or enhances the interdisciplinary nature of the sciences – has the
opportunity to remove the discipline “stovepipes” and encourage communication
and sharing
 Offers students an opportunity to combine multiple talents and interests
 Application to all disciplines and traditional sciences and career disciplines
 *These tools include:
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AFM: Atomic Force Microscope
STM: Scanning Tunneling Microscopic
SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope
TEM: Tunneling Electron Microscope
X-ray diffraction
Why is understanding the molecular or atomic level structure
of a material important?
Why do we care about this level of structure?
Why is understanding the
molecular or atomic level
structure
of a material important?
Atomic (electronic) structure
trace-elements.org.uk
webelements,.com
Molecular structure
Visionlearning.com
millies.sg
Physical characteristics
Electrical characteristics
Biological characteristics
blogiversity.org
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Why do we care about this level of structure?
Because much of what occurs in the world around us happens at that level.
Nano/Biotech circle
NanoScience
Tools
•
Examples: Brownian motion, adhesion, cell movement
About Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology – Application of specific tools (Atomic
Force Microscopes, Scanning Electron Microscopes
etc.) that allow us to observe and manipulate material at
the molecular or atomic scale.
• Over 700 products currently in the market which take
advantage of nanotechnology.
About Nanotechnology
•
Every industry or market segment will be impacted by
nanotechnology, with impacts in electronics and material
science applications coming first, communication and
disease diagnostic applications in the near future and in
vivo disease treatment approaches or tailored drugs in the
far future.
About Nanotechnology
• The application of nanoscience to industry is forecasted to
create billions of dollars of revenue over the next 10 to
15 years.
• Need for trained employees is critical to support the
anticipated economic growth. Over 800,000 trained
employees needed in the next 10 years in the US with
over 50% being technicians. (Estimate is 4 to 6
technicians per PhD researcher.)
Material
Science
Engineering
Physics
NanoScience
Nanotechnology
Chemistry
Medicine
Biology
Focus Areas for Traditional
Sciences
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Math
Exponents, algebra, trig, statistics
Biology
Cell structure, ion channels, proteins, energy creation
Chemistry
Colloids, wet, atomic structure, bonding mechanisms
Focus Areas for Traditional
Sciences
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Physics
Force, momentum, optics, quantum, solid state
Engineering
Transistor fab and operation, material properties,
measurement
The “Big Ideas” of Nanoscale
Science*
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Sense of Scale
Surface area to volume ratio
Density, force and pressure
Surface tension
Priority of forces at different size scales
Material/Surface properties
 *Understanding of these concepts requires an
integration of the disciplines of math, biology,
chemistry, physics and engineering