Disks and Formatting Ch 3 Overview The need for formatting a disk will be discussed. Ch 3
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Transcript Disks and Formatting Ch 3 Overview The need for formatting a disk will be discussed. Ch 3
Disks and
Formatting
Ch 3
1
Overview
The need for formatting
a disk will be discussed.
Ch 3
2
Overview
The difference between
partitioning and formatting a
disk will be explained.
Ch 3
3
Overview
The structure of a
disk will be described.
Ch 3
4
Overview
Will learn to format a disk,
electronically label it, and
then how to change the label.
Ch 3
5
Overview
Various file systems will be
compared and contrasted.
Ch 3
6
Overview
Some of the parameters that can
be used with the FORMAT
command will be discussed and
then used with the FORMAT
command.
Ch 3
7
Why Format a Disk?
Disks used for:
Permanent storage of data and
programs
Distributing data from one
computer to another
Making copies
Ch 3
8
Why Format a Disk?
Formatting (initializing) the disk:
Process of preparing disk so that it
is compatible with an operating
system
Ch 3
9
Why Format a Disk?
All disks (including hard
disks) must be formatted.
Ch 3
10
Partitioning and
Formatting Disks
Hard disks must be:
Partitioned
Formatted with file system
Ch 3
11
Partitioning and
Formatting Disks
Partition terms:
Primary partition
Partition table
Volume
Active partition
Extended partition
Ch 3
12
Partitioning and
Formatting Disks
Dual booting system:
Create partition for each OS
Only one OS active at a time
Each OS formats disks in own way
Precautions in running multiple OS
Ch 3
13
Partitioning and
Formatting Disks
File system:
Organizational scheme of OS
OS is what makes one computer
compatible with another
Ch 3
14
Partitioning and
Formatting Disks
Windows XP Professional supports
four file systems:
NTFS
Three FAT file systems FAT12
FAT16
FAT32
Ch 3
15
Partitioning and
Formatting Disks
Types of disk storage configuration:
Basic disks
Dynamic disks
Ch 3
16
Structure of a Disk
Two parts to formatting a disk:
Low-level (physical) formatting
High level (logical) formatting
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Low-level (physical) formatting:
Sequentially numbers tracks and
sectors
Identifies each track and sector
Disk is physically prepared to
hold data
Ch 3
18
Structure of a Disk
High-level (logical) formatting:
Determines how OS uses a disk
Builds structure to keep track of
location of files
Done so files can be stored and
retrieved.
Ch 3
19
Structure of a Disk
Windows XP Professional
monitors status of all
disk data sectors.
Ch 3
20
Structure of a Disk
One or more sectors are
combined into logical units
called clusters or allocation
units.
Ch 3
21
Structure of a Disk
Cluster (allocation unit):
Smallest unit that OS can work
with
Ch 3
22
Structure of a Disk
Cluster overhang:
Wasted space on the disk.
Ch 3
23
Structure of a Disk
Master Boot Record & Boot Sector
Master boot record (MBR):
First part of hard disk
Locates bootable partition of hard
disk and gives control over to it
Ch 3
24
Structure of a Disk
Master Boot Record & Boot Sector
Boot sector:
First sector on logical drive
Has table of drive’s characteristics
Has bootstrap loader program
Ch 3
25
Structure of a Disk
Master Boot Record & Boot Sector
All disks (including non-system
disks) have a boot sector.
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Master Boot Record & Boot Sector
FAT non-system error messages:
Non-system disk or disk error
Replace disk and press any key
when ready
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Master Boot Record & Boot Sector
NTFS non-system error messages:
Invalid partition table
Error loading operating system
Missing operating system
Ch 3
28
Structure of a Disk
Master Boot Record & Boot Sector
Floppy disk non-system error messages:
NTLDR is missing
Press any key to restart
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Master Boot Record & Boot Sector
Windows uses boot sector to
identify the type of disk.
Ch 3
30
Structure of a Disk
FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
FAT’s formatting program creates:
Boot record
File Allocation Table (2 copies)
Root directory
Ch 3
31
Structure of a Disk
FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
Fig 3.1 Logical Structure of a Disk p. 100
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
FAT is a map of disk’s data clusters.
FAT number indicates status of
cluster.
Numbers in FAT link clusters that
belong to same file
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
Table 3.1 Cluster Size and Disk Size p. 100
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
FAT essential for:
Managing data
Following trail of clusters that
make up a file
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
VFAT maintains
backwards compatibility and
accommodates long file names.
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
FAT32:
Enhancement of FAT file system
Introduced to overcome
limitations of VFAT
Does not apply to floppy drives
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
Table 3.2 Comparison of FAT and FAT32 p. 101
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
FAT32:
Movable Root Directory
Can be located anywhere on hard disk
Can use backup copy of FAT
Internal backup copy of some critical
FAT data structures
Entries in Root Directory limited
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
With smaller clusters:
More clusters on partition
FAT larger - store more data
Takes longer to locate/access file
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
With larger clusters:
Table smaller
Takes less time to locate/access file
Increases wasted disk space from
cluster overhang
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
FAT16, VFAT & FAT32
FAT32 is best for many small files.
FAT is best for mostly large files.
Ch 3
42
Structure of a Disk
The Root Directory
Root Directory:
Table that records information
about each file on the disk
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
The Root Directory
Changes in root directory table
make Windows XP Professional
compatible with older Windows
and DOS programs.
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
FAT and the Root Directory
Root directory tells what is on the
disk.
FAT tells where data is on the disk.
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
FAT and the Root Directory
Number in FAT points to next cluster
that holds data in file.
EOF (end-of-file) marker indicates
there is no more data in file.
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
FAT and the Root Directory
Fig 3.2 The Root Directory and FAT p. 103
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Data Portion or the Files Area
Largest part of disk is used for
storing files.
Space is allocated to files on an as-
needed basis.
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Data Portion or the Files Area
A file is written to a disk in:
Contiguous clusters or
Noncontiguous clusters.
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Understanding FAT & Root
Directory Table
Fig 3.3 Storing Files p. 105
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
NTFS
File system used determines OS
advanced features available to user.
For disk security, performance, and
efficiency use NTFS file system.
Ch 3
51
Structure of a Disk
NTFS
Advantages of NTFS:
Secure file system
Efficient storage of data
Faster file access
Better data recovery
Can compress files/assign disk quotas
Encryption of files
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Clusters and NTFS
NTFS:
Uses FAT cluster scheme for
allocating data.
Has less overhead.
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Clusters and NTFS
Table 3.3 NTFS Cluster Size p. 106
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Clusters and NTFS
Fig 3.4 Structure of an NTFS Volume p. 106
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Master File Table (MFT)
Master File Table (MFT):
Database of all files in system
Used by NTFS to track all files
and directories in a volume
Dynamic
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Master File Table (MFT)
MFT is different from FAT.
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Master File Table (MFT)
MFT:
Adds security descriptor attribute to
file system
Data in file considered to be
attribute of file
Allows fast access to files
Eliminates file fragmentation
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Master File Table (MFT)
MFT:
Attribute stored in MFT considered
resident attribute
Any resident forced out to an extent is
nonresident attribute
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Master File Table (MFT)
Folders treated as files in NTFS:
Small folder - Index Root attribute
Folder entries will fit into MFT -
new extent nonresident attribute
called index buffer
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Deciding on a File System
Formatting:
Floppy disk - always FAT file
system
Hard disk - you decide
Ch 3
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Structure of a Disk
Deciding on a File System
Can convert FAT to FAT32/NTFS
Cannot convert FAT32/NTFS to
FAT
Ch 3
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Clarifying Procedures
Procedural assumptions:
System utility files subdirectory
Type of disk
Lab procedures
Ch 3
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Activity—Formatting a
Floppy Disk
KEY CONCEPTS:
Function of screen prompt
Internal vs. external commands
Result of keying in FORMAT C:
Using the FORMAT command
Unique serial number used for disk
identification by application programs.
Ch 3
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Formatting a Disk with a
Volume Label
FORMAT command parameters:
FORMAT volume [/FS:file-system]
[/V:label] [/Q] [A:size] [/C] [/X]
FORMAT volume [/V:label] [/Q]
[/F:size]
Ch 3
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Formatting a Disk with a
Volume Label
FORMAT command parameters:
FORMAT volume [/V:label] [/Q]
[/T:tracks /N:sectors]
FORMAT volume [/V:label] [/Q]
FORMAT volume [/Q]
Ch 3
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Formatting a Disk with a
Volume Label
Basic syntax of FORMAT command:
FORMAT volume [/V:label] [/Q]
Ch 3
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Formatting a Disk with a
Volume Label
/F size parameter:
Easy way to format floppy disks that
do not match capacity of a floppy disk
drive
Ch 3
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Formatting a Disk with a
Volume Label
Volume label is electronic name.
Partial command diagram
FORMAT A: /V[:label]
No spaces between colon and label
Ch 3
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Activity—Using the /V
Option
KEY CONCEPTS:
Purpose/function of VOL command
Need of descriptive volume label
Two ways to display volume label
[drive:] - variable parameter
Ch 3
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The LABEL Command
LABEL command:
External command
Used to change volume label
without reformatting disk
Ch 3
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The LABEL Command
Partial syntax:
LABEL [drive:] [label]
Ch 3
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The LABEL Command
LABEL (external) command:
Used to change volume label
VOLUME (internal) command:
Used to see volume label
Ch 3
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Activity—Using the Label
Command
KEY CONCEPTS:
Importance of including A: parameter
Deleting volume label on disk
Placing volume label on disk
Use of spaces in LABEL and
VOLUME commands
Ch 3
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Formatting a Disk using
the /Q Parameter
/Q parameter:
Fast way to clear previously
formatted disks
Works like usual FORMAT
command
Skips low level formatting
Clears FAT and root directory
Does not check for bad sectors
Ch 3
75
Activity—Using the /Q
Parameter
KEY CONCEPTS:
Reason /Q parameter can be used
Eliminate previous volume label when
formatting disk
Ch 3
76