Transcript CONTRACEPTION CONTRACEPTION METHODS Abstinence  Vasectomy  Tubal Ligation  Birth Control Pill  Depo-Provera  Male Condom  IUD  Diaphragm  Cervical Cap  Female Condom  Spermicidal Jelly and Foam 

CONTRACEPTION
CONTRACEPTION METHODS
Abstinence
 Vasectomy
 Tubal Ligation
 Birth Control Pill
 Depo-Provera
 Male Condom
 IUD
 Diaphragm

Cervical Cap
 Female Condom
 Spermicidal Jelly and
Foam
 Rhythm Method
 Withdrawl Method

ABSTINENCE
When men and women* refrain from sexual
intercourse
 This results in sperm not having any contact
with the vagina
 It is 100% effective
 There are no risks involved

VASECTOMY
In males
 The vas deferens are
cut and tied/sealed
 Due to this there are
no sperm in the male
ejaculate
 This is a permanent
procedure
 Close to 100%
effective*

VASECTOMY
Risks: some complications with the procedure
may arise (infection, bruising, bleeding in the
scrotum), some pain, etc.
 Can be “reversed” through a vasovasostomy

Rate of pregnancy following a reversal is ~55% (if
performed within 10 years after the vasectomy
 Rate of pregnancy drops to ~25% after 10 years.

TUBUAL LIGATION
In females
 The oviducts are cut and tied/sealed
 The ova do not reach the oviducts or uterus
 99% effecting in first year following the
procedure
 Permanent
 May have risk of operative and postoperative
complications

BIRTH CONTROL PILL
A daily hormone medication which is taken orally
 It works by FSH and LH not being released
 Risks: increased chance of forming blood clots,
and hormonal side effects
 Close to 100% effective
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Birth control pills prevent pregnancy through several
mechanisms, mainly by stopping ovulation. If no egg is released,
there is nothing to be fertilized by sperm. Most birth control pills
contain synthetic forms of two female hormones: estrogen and
progestin. These synthetic hormones stabilize a woman's natural
hormone levels, and prevent estrogen from peaking mid-cycle.
Without the estrogen bump, the pituitary gland does not release
other hormones that normally cause the ovaries to release
mature eggs.
Specifically, synthetic estrogen in the pill works to:
Stop the pituitary gland from producing follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in order to prevent ovulation.
 Support the uterine lining (endometrium) to prevent breakthrough
bleeding mid-cycle.


Meanwhile, synthetic progestin works to:
Stop the pituitary gland from producing LH in order to prevent egg
release.
 Make the uterine lining inhospitable to a fertilized egg.
 Partially limit the sperm's ability to fertilize the egg.
 Thicken the cervical mucus to hinder sperm movement (although this
effect may not be key to preventing pregnancy).

DEPO-PROVERA
A.k.a. “The Needle”
 A brand of progesterone-only
contraceptive, that is a long
acting hormonal contraceptive
 Are injected with the hormone
once ever 3 months
 Its effects are reversible in 318 weeks
 Risks: Hormonal side effects,
and osteoporesis
 99% effective

MALE CONDOM
A latex sheath that fits over an erect penis
 Sperm are trapped in the condom
 Risk: reaction to the latex

Plastic (polyurethane)
alternative exist as well


Effectiveness: 97%
Advantages:
 The condom is the best method for reducing the risk of STIs for
those who choose to have intercourse. (As always, abstinence is the
only 100 percent guarantee.)

Allows men to share responsibility for pregnancy prevention and
protection against STDs.

Can be easily obtained and does not require a prescription.
Disadvantages:
 Some people are allergic to latex. Polyurethane condoms can be
used as an alternative.

Some individuals argue that condoms reduce sensitivity and
pleasure during intercourse.

Some people dislike interrupting sex to put it on.

Condoms may break if they are put on incorrectly.
MALE CONDOM
Things to Remember
 The male condom cannot be used in conjunction with
the female condom.

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Condoms should not be used with oil-based lubricants
such as petroleum jelly, Vaseline, or mineral and
vegetable oil. Such lubricants damage the condom or
increase breakage.
Condoms (particularly latex ones) should be protected
from the heat, which can weaken them or cause
breakage.
Some condoms do have a "shelf life" – after which
they are too weak to use
FEMALE CONDOM
A lubricated polyurethane pouch that is inserted
into the vagina
 Sperm are trapped in the condom
 Effectiveness: ~85%

Advantages:

Can be purchased at grocery and drugstores without a prescription from a
doctor.

Insertion is easy once the technique is learned.

Stays in place even when a man loses his erection, unlike the male condom.

Allows the woman to take responsibility and protect herself against STIs and
pregnancy.
Disadvantages:

The condom may slip into the vagina during intercourse.

The outer ring may irritate the female's vagina/vulva.

The inner ring may irritate the male's penis.

Some argue that the feeling/pleasure from intercourse is reduced or that it is
noisy, which means more lubrication is needed
INTRAUTERINE DEVICE
A.K.A “IUD”
 A plastic coil (or T-shaped device) that is
wrapped in copper OR contains hormone, and is
inserted into the uterus (by your doctor)

Hormonal type slightly more effected at preventing
pregnancy than the copper
 2 hormonal models: 1 works for 5 years, the other for
3
 The copper model can stay in place for up to 10 years

IUD

Prevents fertilization by damaging or killing
sperm
Hormonal type also makes the mucus in the cervix
thicken and sticky so sperm cannot get through; also
keeps the uterus (endometrium) from growing thick
 Copper is toxic to sperm, and it makes the uterus and
oviducts produce fluid that kills sperm

Implantation is prevented
 Long-acting contraception
 Risks: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) [older
models], expulsion {2-5%}, perforation of the
uterus (0.7%)
 Effectiveness: over 90%
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DIAPHRAGM
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A large latex cup that fits over the
cervix and prevents sperm from
entering
A spring is molded into the rim of
the dome, which helps to create a
seal against the walls of the
vagina, blocking sperm at the
cervix
Risks: reaction to latex, increased
risk of urinary tract infection,
toxic shock syndrome (2.4/100,
000 cases) when left in for longer
than 24 hours
Effectiveness: ~90%
CERVICAL CAP
A latex cap is attached to the cervix by suction
 Sperm is blocked at the cervix
 Must be kept in at least 6 hours after intercourse, can
be kept in place for up to 48 hours
 Comes in 3 sizes


Fit determined by your doc
Risk: reaction to latex
 Effectiveness: ~85%

SPERMICIDAL JELLY AND FOAM
These products are inserted into the vagina
before intercourse
 A large percent of sperm are killed
 Risks: higher risk of uti/yeast infection/bacterial
vaginosis in females; possible irritation, itching,
or sensation of burning of the sex organs
(reaction to spermicide)
 Effectiveness: ~75%, pregnancy rates higher
when solely relying on this that in combination
with other contraceptives

RHYTHM METHOD
The date of ovulation is determined by record keeping
and temperature, records of previous menstrual cycles
are kept to help determine
 Intercourse is avoided at the
most fertile times of the
month
 Menstrual cycle phases can
vary greatly from women to women
 Risks: none
 Effectiveness: ~70%
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Calendar-based methods of contraception make several
assumptions that are not always true:

Postovulatory (luteal) phase normal length is 12-16 days, this
method assumes all women have this phase within this range
(despite many having shorter than this and few having longer)

results in incorrectly identifying a few fertile days as infertile
Pre-ovulatory phase can vary significantly depending on the
woman’s typical cycle length, stress factors, medication,
illness, menopause, breastfeeding, hormonal contraception
 Assumes all bleeding is true menstruation, however mid-cycle
bleeding or anovulatory bleeding can occur

WITHDRAWAL METHOD
A.k.a “Coitus interruptus” or “Pull-out method”
 The male withdrawals the penis from the vagina prior to
ejaculation
 Sperm does not contact the vagina
 **pre-ejaculate (“Cowper’s fluid”) emitted prior to
ejaculation normal contains sperm cells
 Risk: “None” – does not protect against STI’s
 Effectiveness: ~70%
