Transcript Research Opportunities at LCLS September 2011 Joachim Stöhr Five Revolutions in “light” • 1879 - Invention of the light bulb • 1895 - Discovery.

Research Opportunities at LCLS
September 2011
Joachim Stöhr
Five Revolutions in “light”
• 1879 - Invention of the light bulb
• 1895 - Discovery of X-Rays
• 1960 - Invention of the LASER
• 1970 - Synchrotron radiation x-rays - SSRL
• 2009 - The first x-ray laser - LCLS
The speed of things – the smaller the fast
manifestation of the physical concept of “inertia” = resistance to motion, action, or change
macro
molecules
molecular
groups
atoms
“electrons”
& “spins”
Laser flash
The new science paradigm:
Static “structure” plus dynamic “function”
Present
technological
speeds
Future
technological
speeds
X-ray Lasers
Important areas of LCLS research
Because of their size, atoms and “bonds” can change fast
but how do systems evolve? key areas of interest:
equilibrium
(phase diagrams of complex materials…)
close to equilibrium
(operation or function of a system…)
far from equilibrium
(transient states like a chemical reaction…)
far, far from equilibrium
(matter during inertial confinement fusion…)
“Equilibrium”: What is the structure of water?
Small angle x-ray scattering shows inhomogeneity
Disordered soup
Ice like clusters
Components probably dynamic – form and dissolve
- can we take an ultrafast snapshot??
How do we image with LCLS?
“Close to equilibrium” – how does a device function:
e.g. how does a spin current turn the magnetization ?
magnetic switching today in 1 ns
how fast can it be done?
“bit”
in cell
100 nm
Computer chip
Electronic circuit
Memory cell
Magnetic structure of “bit”
“Far from equilibrium”:
How does a chemical reaction proceed?
reaction dynamics & intermediates
end reaction products
What are the key intermediate reactive species?
“Far, far from equilibrium”:
Warm and hot dense matter
The properties of matter in extreme states
- which on earth can only be created transiently on ultrafast time scale-
Sample
“Image before destroy” snapshots
femtosecond protein crystallography
• Atoms = electronic cores move slow enough so that
“image before destruction” becomes possible at LCLS
requirements:
 maximum intensity for signal-to-noise
pulse length (~10 fs) shorter than atomic motion (100 fs)
LCLS facilities overview
Injector
electron beam
1km linac 14GeV
AMO
SXR
Undulator hall
XPP
Near-hall: 3 stations
XCS
x-ray beam
CXI
Far-hall: 3 stations
MEC
132 meters of FEL undulators
Experimental Halls and Operations Schedules
Near Experimental Hall
AMO
SXR
XPP
X-ray Transport Tunnel
200 m
Start of
operation
AMO
Oct-09
SXR
May-10
XPP
October-10
CXI
February-11
XCS
Spring-12
MEC
Fall-12
< 30Hz
60Hz
60Hz, 120Hz since Jan 2011
XCS
CXI
MEC
Far Experimental Hall
Optical laser versus X-ray free electron laser
Optical laser
X-ray laser
• electrons in discrete energy states
• a bunch (~109) of free electrons
• stimulated emission amplified
through mirrors
• stimulated emission amplified
through electron ordering
• fixed photon energy
• tunable photon energy
• low energy, long wavelength photons
• high energy, short wavelength photons
• compact
• large
The end