Transcript Italian National Statistical Institute The measurement of women and men’s time: basic concepts Linda Laura Sabbadini Istat - Italian National Statistical Institute.

Italian National Statistical Institute
The measurement of women
and men’s time: basic
concepts
Linda Laura Sabbadini
Istat - Italian National Statistical Institute
The subject
The aims
In my presentation I will deal with:
•general issues about the carrying out of a Time Use
survey
•and some specific questions, that will look very
detailed but very important to correctly realize such a
complex survey.
Time use
Gender statistics and Time Use Surveys
The aims
Time Use Surveys are a precious source of information on
gender statistics
With Time Use data:
•It is possible to analyse in detail the division of domestic
and extra-domestic work loads between men and women
with TUS data.
• It’s possible to understand how men and women use
their time
• It’s possible to identify the way gender differences in
time use develop during the various stages of life
Time use
Time use data can also be analysed to study:
The aims
• The relationship between working times, times of study, of
other productive activities, leisure time and family care
• The activities and needs of particular social categories
(elderly and children)
• Household productive activities not reported by the National
Accounting System
•
•
The times in which public services are used
The times in which places and locations are used (useful for
their better planning )
• The Use of leisure time
• The use of the mass media including the most innovative IT
tools
Time use
At a macro level – TUS offers a detailed picture
The aims to plan:
• Family policies more attentive to the necessity of
conjugating working activities and family duties and to
the necessities of elderly and children;
• A labour policy more conscious of the characteristics
and of the new forms of work;
• A better transportation organization according to the
information about the daily mobility and the means of
transports used;
• A better planning and organization of general services
Time use
For these potential utilisations:
The context
• The international attention for the Time Use surveys is very
strong
• In the European context the HETUS project (Harmonised
European Time Use Studies) has been created to harmonize
the Time Use surveys
• The Guidelines have been written and published during this
project, in the year 2000. At present these Guidelines,
although not constraining, are the main reference guide for
the Member countries that are interessed in the international
results’ comparability in the Time Use Survey planning
• In the international context, the MTUS project (Multinational
Time Use Studies) has the objective to collect the dataset
coming from the Time Use Surveys carried out in 20
countries and to produce comparative tables.
Time use
Which is the proper operative instrument to
survey the Time use and ….
The
methodology 1. To study how the different social subjects use
their life times?
2. To understand how its usage varies at the
changing of the life styles and conditions of the
different social subjects?
3. To learn the organization, combination and
articulating modalities of family life times?
4. To individuate the implications connected to
new labour forms, and, in general, working life
models?
Time use
How is it possible to attain all these goals?
The
methodology
Using not a questionnaire
but a daily diary
In this way it’s possibile to individuate the way
people organize or simply live the time
dimension of their life: AT THE MAXIMUM
DETAIL LEVEL
Time use
What are the main TUS characteristics?
The
methodology • Population and sample design
• Number of diaries (week day and week-end day)
• Coverage of the year
• 4 tools:
daily diary
weekly diary
individual questionnaire
household questionnaire
• Fieldwork monitoring
• Activity coding list
Time use
BASIC TABLES
Population and sample design
The • TUS are restricted to persons resident at domestic
addresses. This means that persons in institutions
methodology
(military service, hospitals, prisons) or with no regular
abode are not to be included in the Time Use surveys
• Persons of 10 years and older are included in the
Time Use Surveys. If that recommendation can not
be followed the minimum age limit is 15 years and
older
Why?
Because it’s very important that all ages are
represented for a generational analysis of time
use
Time use
Population: the italian choice
The
methodology In Italy, as in the previous survey carried out in
1988/89, we’ve chosen to also ask children, aged three
years and more, to fill in the diary. Obviously when
necessary it was the mother or another adult to fill in the
diary describing the daily activities of her child/children
Why this choice?
Because it’s very important, as the literature
teaches, to know and analyse the childrens’ time
Time use
Population and sample design
The
methodology • Highest priority is given to individual observation and
to keep individual non-response low
• All members of the household are included in the
sample
Why?
To make the analysis of different perspectives of
intra-household dependencies possible
Only in this way we are able to know exactly how
partners use their time and to study the intrahousehold division of domestic and extra-domestic
work by gender
Time use
Number of diary days
The
It is preferable to ask the interviewed to compile two
methodology diary days, a weekday (Monday-Friday) and a
weekend day (Saturday or Sunday)
Why?
Because only in this way it is possible to study the
variation of a person in his use of time
The use of only one day is also acceptable, but with
only one diary day it’s impossible to have any idea of
the intra-personal variation
The general rule from this point of view is that more
diary days are better
Time use
Number of diary days: Italian experience
The
methodology
In Italy we’ve chosen to use only one diary day
• because of the sample numerosity (about 25.000
households for a total of more than 55.000 individuals)
•to reduce the burden on respondents
•and to contain the non-response rate
Time use
Coverage of the year
The
methodology
The survey field work should be spread over 12
consecutive months and average time use over a
year is estimated for very different activities
WHY COVER AN ENTIRE YEAR?
Time use
Because:
The
methodology • People carry out their activities in time according to
different cycles (for example.daily, weekly, monthly, annual )
that follow natural or social paces
• The annual cycle, articulated in all its seasonal
phases, is the observation period considered most
adeguate to compile a time budget
• It’s not opportune to exclude from observation the
“anomalous” periods, because we would exclude
from the budget particular activities carried out
exactly in those periods (for example, winter leisure time
activities or seasonal jobs )
Time use
Coverage of the year
The
methodology
The survey days/dates have to be representative of and
cover a full 12 months period
Why every day?
Every day of every week and of every month is included in
the survey because there could be cycles of a less duration
than a year that must be surveyed:
•During the week there could be days in which particular
activities are concentrated (Saturday shopping, Sunday
Mass, weekday rest for some categories of workers, etc)
•In the same way, there could be some activities
concentrated in particular moments of the month (shopping
at the salary handover, payment of bills at post offices, etc.)
Time use
The
methodology
The sample is structured in such a way that everyday
of the year is appropriately represented with all of its
particularities
This sample design permits to achieve the objective of
giving estimates on the activities carried out and
detected by the diaries :
• for different types of days
1. MONDAY-FRIDAY
2. SATURDAY
3. SUNDAY
4. AVERAGE DAY OF THE WEEK
•in each quarter of the year
Time use
The
methodology
The objective of calculating estimates for four different
types of days is the result of a long debate in the
international context
Anglo-Saxon countries proposed only to differentiate
week days from weekend days because in Northern
countries time use isn’t very different for Saturdays and
Sundays
A different position, which in the end convinced
everyone, was that of Mediterranean countries which
underlined the great difference between activities
carried out on Saturdays (in many cases a working
day) and the ones carried out on Sundays, and so the
importance to provide estimates for three types of days
and not only two as proposed by the Anglo-Saxons.
Time use
Selection of diary days
The
methodology • Diary days/dates have to be allocated amoung
households/individuals
procedure
by
a
controlled
random
• The household cannot modify the day to fill in the
diary according to its own ease or else, because this
would imply a deformation of the time budget. This
deformation would be greater if the choice of day is
linked to the type or intensity of the activities which
will be carried out in those days
• Days which are more or less busy, spent at work or
on vacation, at home or travelling, “normal” or
“particular”: they must all be surveyed to correctly
determine the overall time allocation amoung the
different activities
Time use
How is the diary filled in?
The daily
diary By self-interview
Why?
This is the only possible way:
•To register all the activities during the day, including
the ones of short duration or the ones that are often
forgotten because of the little importance they assume
•To avoid the memory effect, or rather the memory
deformation introduced by compiling the diary the day
after
Time use
What are the contents of the daily diary?
The daily
The daily diary starts at 04:00 am and covers 24 hours
diary with144 intervals of 10 minutes.
The diary pages have:
1.One column where main activities carried out should be
recorded
(freely expressed)
2.One column to record parallel activities carried out at the
same time
(freely expressed)
3.One column in wich the presence of other persons
should be recorded
(with pre-coded items)
According to the Guidelines information on location at least
be coded by using ther diary information on activities.
Time use
What are the contents of the daily diary?
The daily In Italy we introduced a fourth column, where respondents
diary had to record the location where they were or the mean of
transport used to move (freely expressed)
This choice induced the respondents to provide more
details in describing travelling and changing of location,
which is one of the activities that is most difficult to
reconstruct and to code, due to the lack of exact
information provided in describing them.
Adding a column ad hoc for describing the location,
undoubtedly it has been facilitated the identification of
movements and trips.
Time use
The daily diary
The daily
diary
What are the contents of the daily diary?
•One page of instructions
•Three pages of examples
•Diary pages, covering 3 hours each day
•A few questions at the end, and
•A checklist at the end
Time use
How to plan the diary? The duration of the
intervals
The daily
diary
The pilot surveys carried out
demonstrated that:
in the 90’s in Italy e Sweden
•The recourse to open intervals, that’s to say where the
respondents had to point out freely the beginning time and the
ending time of every activity described, besides to express the
activities, produced a understimate of the number of activities
reported.
•The intervals of 5 minutes induced respondents to report not
very important activities (for example: I open the door, I close the
window, etc.).
•The intervals of 15 minutes induced respondents to aggregate
excessively the activities.
So, the suggested duration of the intervals is 10 minutes
Time use
How to plan the diary? The instructions
The daily
diary
A particular care in the plan of the daily diary must be given to
instructions on how to fill in it:
Instructions have to aim to reduce the most frequent errors of
compilation and have to remind respondents, for example:
•they must report carried out activities every two or three hours
in order to not forget any activity;
•they must fill in every time interval, and they must not omit
any interval;
•they must point out the extension of an activity lasting more
than 10 minutes by a line joining all intervals for the complete
duration of the activity;
•they must clearly point out reasons of possible travels etc.
Time use
How to plan the diary? The graphic aspect
The daily
A particular care in the plan of the daily diary must be
diary given to its graphic aspects.
In Italy, a practical instrument has been realized in
terms of size, and user-friendly in terms of aesthetics.
In relation to the first aspect, we opted for a format
that was smaller than A4 size, but not a pocketbook
size so as not to reduce printed characters too much
or the space set aside for completing the diary by
hand, which would have made this difficult especially
for some categories of people (the aged, etc.) and
would have given rise to demotivating the
respondents.
Time use
How to plan the diary? The graphic aspects
The daily
diary
To improve the
respondents more:
aesthetic
appearance
and
involve
 photos from daily life were used on the cover for making in
some way make each category of respondent (workers,
mothers, senior citizens, etc.) feel an important part of the
survey;
 particular care was taken with the page of instructions on
how to complete the document, making use of characters and
colours that highlighted the key information to be gathered;
• the warnings at the foot of each page with the timetable to
be completed, aimed at limiting the errors we knew to be most
frequent when filling in diaries.
Time use
Who have to fill in the diary?
The daily
diary
• Every member aged 3 or more must fill in the
daily diary the scheduled date, assigned
randomly to the household
Why?
• Because only in this way it is possible to make intrahousehold analyses of the time use and to answer
questions like these:
While is mummy cooking the dinner, what is daddy
doing? Where is he? And whom are the sons with?
Time use
How does the interviewer behave?
The
The designated date cannot be changed nor by
interviewer
the interviewer nor by the household
If the household has problems to fill in the diary on
the designated day….
How does the interviewer behave?
It is possible to postpone the compiling date, to
one or two weeks later, as long as the day of the
week is the same
Why?
To avoid easy choices, auto-selection….
Time use
What must the interviewer do?
The
interviewer
The interviewer has to follow the household:
• Call the household to remind it to fill in the diary
• Verify, the day after, that the diary has been filled
it in
• Help the household fill in the diary at the moment
of picking it up, as long as this takes place the day
after
Time use
The importance of monitoring
The
The survey’s complexity, the necessity to follow all the
methodology method indications given to the interviewers and
interviewees require the necessity to implement a
monitoring system to control the unfolding of the survey
In general it’s important to include actions concerning
recruitment and training of interviewers, planning and
supervision on interviewers’ work and the supervision
of the coding activity
In Italy a monitoring form has been conceived to
photograph the situation of each sample household at
the moment of the scheduled diary withdrawal
Time use
The Italian experience
The
methodology
Objectives :
• regularly monitor (weekly) the survey unfolding
• keep the most critical aspects of the survey under control
(non-response rate, but also diary compiling errors,
postponement recourse, etc.)
• individuate territorial realities and staff in charge of the
survey with low quality standards
• offer an informational instrument during the survey useful
for a better planning and management of the field work
Time use
The monitoring
The
methodology
• The system of quality indicators deriving from the collected
information has been weekly updated by us and used to
intervene and apply the corrective measures where
necessary.
• The set of indicators has been elaborated for region,
municipality, surveyor, type of day, period and has allowed
to know during the survey
Household
participation rate
The structure of the
household involved
The postponement
rate
Time use
Individual participation rate
(with particular attention to some
categories of people: children,
elderly, etc.)
The
respect
of
methodological rules (proxi,
date, not an after compilation)
What to monitor?
The
methodology
Households’ non
participation
Household/Individual
typologies at risk
Reasons for not
participating
Individuals non
participation
Households’ participation
drop off during the year
Typologies of problematical
days/periods regarding the
participation to the survey
Time use
MONITORING
OBJECT
What to monitor?
The
methodology
Recourse to
postponement
Proxi compilation
Number of
postponements
Compilation in different
days by the members of
the household
Compilation in not
scheduled days
Compilation by memory
Time use
MONITORING
OBJECT
Coming back to the daily diary
The coding
The respondents describe the activities performed
using common language
The coding process translates the sentences
reported by the interviewed into codes
Classification
system proposed
by Eurostat,
adapted to the
national needs
Time use
International
comparability
Coding activity: the problems
The coding
Association text-code is not an easy one to one linkage,
but it is the outcome of a process
• Extreme content variety
• Extreme language variety
• Necessity to keep a lot of contextual information
under control
•Scarcity/Redundancy of Information
• Wrong compilation (wrong cell use)
• Incomplete compilation (missing information about
some variables in one or more intervals)
Time use
The coding
Two equal actions, performed in the same setting, can be
coded in different ways depending on their different purpose
The same activity can be coded with differents
codes depending on:
• who performs it (sex, age, profession,
household structure, etc.)
• location where the activity takes place
• the target of action
• the sequence of activities
• etc.
Time use
The coding
Examples of difficulties:
For whom is it performed?
For own household
To help other households
31-39
421-429
Examples
To cook for own household
To cook for a sick friend
311
421
To care for own children
To care for own grandchildren
(not cohabiting)
Time use
38
427
How to codify social life?
The coding
TALKING …
who talks to whom?
where does one talk?
in which occasion?
does one use a telephone?
or a PC?
Time use
To talk with household members
The coding
WHO TALKS TO WHOM?
An adult is talking with a child/boy
(0-17 years) of his own household
3832
(Reading and talking with children/teenagers)
An adult is talking with another adult
of his own household
511
(Socialize with own household)
A child is talking with an adult
of his own household
511
(Socialize with own household)
A child is talking with a child/boy
of his own household
511
(Socialize with own household)
Time use
The actvitiy codes
The coding
The system of activity codes is:
Hierarchical
At three
levels
First level is always present. The following levels
are just specifications of the first level’s categories
In total the Eurostat activity codes are 209
Italian codes are 275
Time use
The activity classification list
The coding
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
PERSONAL CARE
EMPLOYMENT
STUDY
HOUSEHOLD AND FAMILY CARE
3.1 Food management
3.1.1
Food preparation
3.1.2
Baking
3.1.3
Dish washing
3.1.3.1 Laying/clearing the table
3.1.4
Preserving
3.2 Household upkeep
……
VOLUNTEER WORK AND MEETINGS
SOCIAL LIFE AND ENTERTAINMENT
SPORTS AND OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES
HOBBY AND GAMES
MASS MEDIA
TRAVEL AND UNSPECIFIED TIME USE
Time use
Which tool for coding
The coding
There are three tools for coding activities:
•Manual coding
•Assisted coding or semi-automatic coding
•Automatic coding
WHICH TOOL TO CHOOSE?
Time use
The tools for conding : Italian experience
The coding
In the previous Istat surveys
“Time Use”
(1988)
Pilot survey
(1996)
the coding was manually performed and only
codes were recorded
What were the main problems?




Little accuracy in the coding
Long times
Troubles in monitoring the coders staff
Necessity to come back to paper diaries to read
the original descriptions and to correct some
coding errors
Time use
Why not an automatic coding?
The coding
Because it is necessary to interpret and to contextualize the
activities, before attributing the correct code
In fact, automatic software is particularly suitable for coding
information (such as profession, list of municipalities, etc.)
whose code can be univocally attributed. The adopted
classification system provides with a single code for each of
the entries/expressions that this piece of information can
present and there is an only variable to be taken into
considerations.
While, in the “Time use survey” equal activities can be coded
in different ways, concerning the time in which they are carry
out, the goals, the recipients of the action etc.; therefore there
are several variables contributing to single out of the right
code.
Time use
The coding
What solutions to improve the
coding process?
Italy choose the computer
assisted coding using the
software Blaise
The data entry of
sentences made possible
this way
Time use
The weekly The weekly diary
diary
• It’s timetable form
• For persons aged 15 or more
• Self-interview
• The diary is filling in by everyone that has carried out
at least 15 minutes of work during the week, writing a
line. The first line is the first day, the second line is
the second day.
• Every line is divided in 24 hours. Every hour is
divided in intervals of 15 minutes.
Time use
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
1° day
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Month
2° day
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Month
3° day
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Month
4° day
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Month
5° day
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Month
6° day
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Month
7° day
Month
The weekly diary
Principal knowledge objectives
The weekly
diary
•
Punctual estimate of the time spent at paid work for each
day of the reference week (net length of the working day,
that’s to say without considering the lunch break and the
other breaks)
• For each day several time intervals spent at work
• The weekly diary is filled in by the official employed and by
everyone that has carried out at least 15 minutes of work
during the considered week (it allows therefore to capture
every kind of working activity)
• It allows to analyse the conciliation of the working time
inside the household
Time use
The
questionnaire
Are the diaries enough?
It is necessary to have contextual information about:
• individual and household characteristics
• thematic aspects
Time use
The
questionnaire
The individual questionnaire
The individual questionnaire must not be a complex
tool, because it must give adequate importance to the
daily dairy
At European level particular importance is given to the
objective to be individuated:
the multiform aspects of the labour reality
using the LFS definitions of the principal aggregates
concerning the labour market
Time use
Why survey labour in Tus?
The
questionnaire • Dimension of the working time
• Capability of influencing the non-working time (family
time, leisure time)
• Transformations of the labour market
A particular attention is dedicated to survey the non
standard jobs (both no typical jobs and independent
work), or rather jobs implying:
> different places
flexible timetables
> different modalities (shift work, on sundays, etc.)
Time use
The main indicators
The data
• Generic average duration which is the average
duration of each activity carried out during the day,
considering all people
• Specific average duration which is the average
duration of each activity carried out during the day.
considering only the people who carried it out
• Participation rate which express how many people
carried out the activity out of the while population,
thus measuring the impact of a specific activity
within the population.
Time use
The main tables
The data
• Average
duration (generic and specific) of the
single activities (main, parallel, total)
•Duration according to the place where the 24 hours
have been spent/or where the activities have been
performed
•Duration according to the people with whom the 24
hours have been spent/ or present during the
performed activities
• Frequency of the population that performs a
determinate activity/ is in a definite place/ is with
definite people
•Frequency of the principal combinations of activities
Time use
Basic needs, school and housework for children by age and
sex
3-5
ACTIVITY
Boys
Time %
Basic needs
13h36'
- Personal hygiene 0h48'
- Eating
1h42'
- Sleeping
11h06'
6 - 10
Girls
Time %
100.0 13h36'
98.2 1h06'
100.0 1h36'
100.0 10h54'
Boys
Time %
100.0 12h24'
98.4 0h54'
99.5 1h42'
100.0 9h54'
Compulsory time
5h00' 69,1 4h54' 67.2 5h42'
- School
5h00' 62,9 5h00' 62.5 5h30'
- Housework
0h36'
6.0 0h24'
9.7 0h36'
- Shopping
1h12'
8.7 1h12' 10.9 0h42'
Source: ISTAT, Multipurpose Survey (Indagine Multiscopo) 1988-89
11 - 13
Girls
Time %
Boys
Time %
Girls
Time %
100.0 12h18'
98.5 0h54'
99.9 1h36'
100 9h54'
100.0 11h42'
98.7 0h48'
99.4 1h42'
100.0 9h06'
100.0 11h54'
99.5 0h48'
100.0 1h36'
100.0 9h30'
100.0
99.9
99.9
100.0
92.6
90.3
16.9
10.1
94.6
90.1
30.2
12.6
94.6
91.9
29.7
15.6
97.8
92.1
52.1
9.7
5h54'
5h30'
0h42'
1h00'
6h42'
6h24'
0h30'
0h30'
6h42'
6h12'
0h54'
0h42'
How men and women aged 18 to 44 years, living as part
of a couple or in one-parent families spend their time?
ACTIVITY
Family work
- Daily housework
- Shopping
- Caring for children*
Employment
Basic needs
Lisure time
Family work
- Daily housework
- Shopping
- Caring for children*
Employment
Basic needs
Lisure time
Couples with children
Men
Women
1h48'
0h48'
0h48'
1h12'
7h36'
10h48'
4h42'
70.3
28.3
20.4
29.6
77.6
100.0
98.4
Couples without children
Men
Women
Specific average duration
7h18'
1h24'
5h06'
5h30'
0h42'
4h24'
1h00'
0h42'
0h54'
1h36'
--6h24'
7h36'
6h30'
10h54'
10h48'
11h06'
3h30'
4h42'
4h12'
Partecipation rate
99.7
56.1
99.0
31.3
55.3
11.9
64.9
-29.7
78.3
100.0
100.0
96.1
100.0
*Children under 14 years of age, (--) insignificant percentage
Source: ISTAT, Multipurpose Survey (Indagine Multiscopo) 1988-89
99.3
96.4
60.4
-41.5
100.0
98.4
Lone mothers
5h00'
3h24'
1h06'
1h42'
6h00'
11h06'
3h18'
100.0
98.4
45.1
44.4
54.9
100.0
99.0
How elderly people spend their time on housework and
leisure activities by household type and age group?
Daily housework
65-74
75+
T otal
Leisure activities
65-74
75+
T otal
Living alone
- Men
- W omen
- Total
2h30'
3h48'
3h36'
2h00'
3h42'
3h24'
2h12'
3h42'
3h30'
6h30'
5h36'
5h48'
7h24'
5h42'
6h00'
7h00'
5h42'
5h54'
Living in another household
- Men
- W omen
- Total
2h36'
4h54'
4h42'
1h24'
3h18'
3h06'
1h54'
3h54'
3h42'
7h00'
4h48'
5h18'
8h06'
6h18'
6h36'
7h42'
5h48'
6h12'
Couple with children
- Men
- W omen
- Total
1h06'
5h48'
3h54'
1h18'
5h00'
2h36'
1h06'
5h42'
3h48'
7h06'
4h12'
6h06'
6h36
4h06'
6h06'
7h00'
4h12'
6h06'
Couple without children
- Men
- W omen
- Total
1h24'
5h24'
4h06'
1h30'
5h00'
3h30'
1h24'
5h18'
3h54'
7h06'
4h36'
5h54'
7h24'
5h12'
6h36'
7h12'
4h48'
6h12'
Lone parent
- Men
- W omen
- Total
2h12'
5h06'
4h54'
3h00'
3h48'
3h48'
2h30'
4h24'
4h24'
6h48'
4h48'
5h06'
8h18'
5h12'
5h42'
7h30'
5h00'
5h24'
7h24'
5h42'
6h18'
7h12'
5h18'
6h00'
Total
- Men
1h36'
1h36'
1h36'
7h00'
- W omen
4h48'
3h54'
4h24'
5h00'
- Total
4h00'
3h24'
3h48'
5h54'
Source: ISTAT, Multipurpose Survey (Indagine Multiscopo) 1988-89
Time spent in different places by the elderly according to
the day of the week
In own home
In other people's homes
Outdoors
Other places
Average day
- Men
- Women
18h54'
19h18'
0h20'
0h42'
3h00'
1h30'
1h48'
1h00'
Weekday
- Men
- Women
18h48'
19h12'
0h24'
0h30'
2h45'
0h48'
1h54'
1h00'
Saturday
- Men
- Women
19h06'
21h12'
0h24'
0h54'
2h42'
0h54'
1h48'
1h00'
Sunday
- Men
19h12'
0h42'
2h24
- Women
19h24'
1h00'
1h06'
Source: ISTAT, Multipurpose Survey (Indagine Multiscopo) 1988-89
1h42'
0h54'